Phonetics and Phonemics

1. Phonetics and Phonemics

2. Phonetics and Phonemics : • The principle goal of Phonetics is to provide an exact description of every known speech sound • Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language • Phonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived of by speakers of particular language

3. Phonetics : • Articulatory phonetics • How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail • Acoustical phonetics • The emphasis is on observable, measurable characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds • Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware

4. Articulatory phonetics : • The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe speech sound in the terms of position of the vocal organs • Phonetic alphabet • Phoneticians have had to devise their own system of notation • IPA • ARPAbet

5. Excitation Of The Speech System • Phonation • Whispering • Frication • Compression • Vibration

6. Articulatory phonetics (consonants): • Categories • Consonants:easy to define in anatomical terms • Point of articulation: this I the location of the principal constriction in the vocal tract • Bilabial • Labiodental • Apicodental • Apicogingival • Apicoalveolar • Apicodomal • Laminoalveolar • Laminodomal • Centrodomal • Dorsovelar • Pharyngeal • Glottal

7. …Consonants: • Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at the point of articulation and the manner of release into the following sound • Plosive • Aspirated • Affricative • Fricative • Lateral • Semivowel • Nasal • Trill

8. …Consonants: • Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of phonation • Voiced • Unvoiced

9. Articulatory phonetics (vowels): • Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants, this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by • Tongue high or low • Tongue front or back • Lips rounded or unrounded • Nasalized or unnasalized • Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another

10. Articulatory phonetics : • Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another • Coarticulation: • No speech sound is produced accurately in the context of other sound • Overlapping of phonetic features from phone to phone is termed coarticulation

11. Phonemics : • Phonetics is a view of speech sounds considered in isolation from any languages • Phonemics is the view from within some specific language • Phonemes • In phonetics, an individual sound is a phone • In phonemics, the smallest unit is the phoneme

12. Phonemics (phonemes): • A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a given language that is sufficient to differentiate one word from another • Example: • In English, Voicing is a feature which distinguishes between two phonemes • ‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’ • In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in German • ‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]

15. Phonemics (phonemes): • The largest number of phoneme known is 45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in Hawaiian • English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29 to 45 phonemes, depending on how they are analyzed

16. Phonemics (Allophones): • A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically similar sound which are accepted by the speakers of the language as being the same sound. Members of the set are called allophones. • Example: • The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”. • The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.

17. English Phonemes uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el y r l el w jh ch s sh z zh f th v dh m n ng em en eng nx b d g p t k dx q bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl hv hh Vowels Semi-vowels Fricatives Nasals Stops Aspiration

18. Parsian Phonemes انفجاري ها واكه ها ب پ يه، ي به، و و، ت، ط د ك ك و گ گ ا،آ ق،غ ء

19. Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d) انفجاري سايشي ها سايشي ها ج ف چ و ث، س، ص شبه واكه ها ل ز، ذ، ض، ظ ر ش م ژ ن خ ه، ح يه، ي