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Geol 110 Earth Materials

Geol 110 Earth Materials. Lecture: MWF 1:25- 2:15 p.m. Lab: T 9:30 – 12:15 OR Th 1:30 – 4:30 p.m Professor: Greg Druschel Office: Delehanty 321 Office Hours : WF 2:15-3:15 pm T.A.: Phoebe Judge. Class Goals.

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Geol 110 Earth Materials

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  1. Geol 110Earth Materials Lecture: MWF 1:25- 2:15 p.m. Lab: T 9:30 – 12:15 OR Th 1:30 – 4:30 p.m Professor: Greg Druschel Office: Delehanty 321 Office Hours : WF 2:15-3:15 pm T.A.: Phoebe Judge

  2. Class Goals • Recognize major rock-forming minerals and other selected minerals in hand specimen and thin section • Master use of several techniques for the identification of minerals, including the petrographic microscope and x-ray diffractometer • Develop the ability to relate crystal chemistry, crystallographic alignment, and physical attributes of a mineral to guide identification and assess a mineral’s origin and history

  3. Grading • Laboratories 20% • Lab exam 10% • Mid-term exam 20% • Final exam 20% • Adopted mineral paper 10% • Homeworks 10% • Participation 10 %

  4. Where do earth’s materials form?

  5. Structure of the Earth

  6. Plate Tectonics

  7. Spreading centers

  8. Changing landscape

  9. Energy • We will revisit the concept of energy as a waveform in many manifestations – light energy, particle energy, sound energy • Waves in water are also an expression of energy, but the expression of that energy has different forms, a point surfers know well…

  10. Earthquakes • Energy stored (in faults) due to movement of plates is periodically released, generating an earthquake • Energy transmitted as different types of waves through the earth – the amplitude of the largest wave is the strength • Richter Scale – Logarithmic measure of wave • Mercalli index – Based on observations of earthquake damage

  11. Water • 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water • The interaction of water with rocks is responsible for many reactions in the crust • Water is the one universal requirement for life as we know it – the range of conditions we know life to be present is constrained by the H2O being a liquid

  12. Energy • We will revisit the concept of energy as a waveform in many manifestations – light energy, particle energy, sound energy • Waves in water are also an expression of energy, but the expression of that energy has different forms, a point surfers know well…

  13. Waves • Any wave motion through any medium (water, air, rock) does NOT involve any transfer of mass, i.e., a tsunami does not carry water particles thousands of miles • Why does a wave have a physical manifestation then? • Particles are affected by energy, but they are displaced, returning to their original state – water waves can displace particles up, down, sideways, and circularly  shallow waves generate circular displacement, causing breaking

  14. Tsunamis • Tsunami wave is generated by a physical displacement – earthquake WITH ground rupture, landslides, glacial ice calving, etc. • Extremely high energy, but the wave in the open ocean is very small… • Energy of the wave extends to the bottom of the ocean (wind-generated waves are much lower energy!)

  15. Volcanic provinces

  16. Mt. Pinatubo

  17. Lava

  18. Volcanic settings Cinder cones

  19. Explosive eruptions

  20. Volcanic provinces

  21. Hot spots

  22. Hot spots

  23. Basalt flows

  24. Plutons

  25. Intrusions

  26. Metamorphic settings

  27. Orogenic settings

  28. Ore deposits

  29. Oil

  30. Weathering • How is massive rock broken down and transported?

  31. Sedimentary deposition • Weathering of any rock and transport of that material to lower E environment followed by lithification yields sed. rx

  32. Depositional settings • Keyed to transport of physical/ chemical components of parent material • Tells 2 stories – who were the parents and how far away did it go?

  33. Chemical deposition • Formation of minerals from aqueous solution requires some change in environment for the ions to precipitate

  34. Fossils • Here parent material were organisms – usually ones that were partially composed of a durable mineral material • Requires a special depositional setting • Quick burial, fine/ chemical covering, replacement reactions • Also tell us approximate age of deposition

  35. Biominerals • Microorganisms may also have a significant impact on mineralogy!

  36. A word about classification… • Umbrella terms • Mineral nomenclature α taxonomy of animals, plants, and microbes

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