Colonies Become New Nations

1. Colonies Become New Nations Independence movements swept through Africa and Asia at the end of WWII

2. Who is Mohandas Gandhi? • Gandhi had been practicing civil disobedience/nonviolence in retaliation of British colonialism in India (foreign influence) • Salt March • Helped India gain independence

3. How well did Muslims and Hindus get along in India? • Disliked each other and were fighting for political power (religious conflict) • Both feared each other being in power and being harsh to the other group • “The only thing the Muslim has in common with the Hindu is his slavery to the British”

4. How did they solve the problem? • Partition of India • Only safe solution Britain saw to prevent as much conflict as possible • The territory is split in two: • India: Hindu • Pakistan: Muslim

5. Partition of India

6. How well did the migrations to the new territories go? • Caused millions to move to new areas • Each religious group began killing each other as they moved to their new nations • 1 million died • Gandhi pleaded for the violence to stop but was killed by a Hindu extremist who thought he was being too nice to the Muslims

7. Battle for Kashmir 1948-49 • Muslims and Hindus fought over the small region of Kashmir • Piece of land between Pakistan and India • Hindu ruler but the majority of the population were Muslim • Result: Fighting continued until the UN arranged a cease fired in 1949 • Split up the territory but still fight over it today (Great Example of continuing RELIGIOUS CONFLICT!!!!!)

8. Modern India • Became the world’s largest democracy!!! • Process of becoming democratic has been slow • Issues with overpopulation/ successful in producing enough crops food so far • Caste system outlawed but still impacts daily life through what jobs people can get (Gap between tradition and the law) • Continuing religious conflicts • Threat of nuclear conflict w/Pakistan • Both have become nuclear powers • Continuing struggle for Kashmir could spark a nuclear conflict between the bitter enemies

9. Female Leaders • Indira Gandhi: India • Benazir Bhutto: Pakistan • Significance: became important national leaders in nations in which women have not traditionally had equal opportunities

10. History of Pakistan

11. History of Pakistan • 1947: Started off as a divided country • West P: province of Punjab • East P: became known as Bangladesh • West dominated the government of Pakistan even though the east had a larger population • West created economic opportunities in their own territory but not in the east

12. East Pakistan Breaks Away • East struggled and remained in poverty • Was difficult to trade with the west due to India being in the middle • East announced their independence from Pakistan under the new name of Bangladesh • West Pakistan was furious and attempted to put down the movement

13. East Pakistan Breaks Away • India took the Bengalis side and helped them to win their independence • Significance: West Pakistan becomes known as Pakistan and acknowledged the existence of the creation of Bangladesh in 1971

14. Modern Bangladesh • Has struggled with many challenges • One of the world’s poorest and most crowded countries! • EX: their population is more than half as large as the United States but is only the size of Alabama! • Environmental Problems • Devastating floods and tropical storms

15. What is the main point? • Even though Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh gained their Independence from Britain they are still struggling to achieve stability • Assassination of leaders • Religious conflict • Nuclear threat

16. Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence

17. Impact of WWII • Japan had seized most of southeast Asia from the European nations that had controlled the area for years • Defeat of Japan in the war would cause them to be forced out • Southeast Asian territories refused to go back under European colonial rule and pushed for independence

18. Independence Achieved • Philippines became the first in 1946 • Given by the U.S. • Make a deal to allow the U.S. to keep their naval base there (important location due to the cold war) • Burma (Myanmar) gains independence from Britain • Ruled by a harsh military government that refuses to accept the democratic changes the public wants

19. Malaysia and Singapore • Both have achieved independence and economic prosperity • Singapore has one of the busiest ports in the world that has helped them to grow rich. (high standard of living)

20. Indonesian Independence • Win it from the Dutch (Netherlands) • Attempted to build a democratic nation but were unsuccessful • Struggle economically • Harsh military dictatorship emerges • Several human rights violations and little religious freedom • Annex East Timor (harsh towards them)

21. East Timor • Poorly treated but never gave up on their fight for freedom • Indonesian soldiers put down an independence movement slaughtering hundreds and force thousands to flee to West Timor • Result: UN gets involved and brings peace and helped East Timor achieve their independence

22. Conflicts in the Middle East Division of Palestine after WWII made the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements that have caused friction that still exist today.

23. Israel Becomes a State • Palestine holds religious significance to the Muslims, Christians, and Jews • Split into Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip • Jews claimed the land from when they ruled the area of Jerusalem 3,000 years ago • Palestinians (both Muslim and Christian) said it was their land since they drove the Jews out in 135 AD. • Arabs believed it was their land from their conquests in the 7th century • Significance: Creation of the state/country of Israel was a controversial issue

25. Why did Israel become a state? • After being forced out of Palestine in the 2nd century the Jewish population could not find a place to live and establish their own state • Forced to live in numerous countries • Dispersal is known as the Diaspora • Began to return to Palestine and demand their own state in the 19th and 20th century • Strongly opposed by the Palestinians creating hostility between the two • End of WWII, UN voted to settle the issue with a partition creating two separate states • Jerusalem would be an international city controlled by neither state • Sympathy for the Jews from the Holocaust played a factor in the partition

26. Israel and Arab State Conflict • Day after it became a state, 6 Islamic neighbors invaded Israel! • Significance: a series of wars would result in the creation of Israel and it remains a hotspot still today • The state that was suppose to be Palestine never formed and is controlled by several Arab states

27. Taking Palestinian Land • Egypt took the Gaza strip • Jordan took the West Bank of the Jordan River • Egyptian President, Gamal Abdel Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal from the British • Wanted to gain control of vital resources

28. Arab-Israeli Wars Continue • Continued to fight one another exchanging control of territories back and forth • Yom Kippur War • Egyptian President Anwar Sadat planned a joint attack by the Arab states on Israel on Yom Kippur (Jewish Holiday) • Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir launched a counter attack to regain the territory • Results: both sides eventually came to a truce

29. PLO • Palestine Liberation Organization • Palestinians struggled for recognition with all the fighting between the Israel and the Arab states • Formed to push for their formation of an independent state • Radicals emerged as the leaders and felt armed struggle was the only way to achieve success

30. Yasser Arafat • Became leader of the PLO • 60s & 70s: PLO carried out numerous attacks against Israel under his leadership • Some Arab neighbors supported the PLO’s goals and allowed them to operate from their lands

31. Attempts at Peace • 1977: Anwar Sadat (Egyptian President) shocked the world by extending a hand of peace to Israel • In exchange for peace, Israel would recognize the rights of Palestinians and return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt • Camp David Accords • Jimmy Carter guided the peace agreement between Egypt and Israel • Significance: Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize the state of Israel

32. Israeli & Palestinian Tensions Increase • PLO and Israelis continued to fight armed conflicts on the West Bank and Gaza Strip (lands controlled by Israel) • Intifada (Uprising): expressed their frustrations through civil disobedience • Boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on Israeli soldiers • Oslo Peace Accords: Israel gave the Palestinians self rule in the Gaza Strip and West Bank

33. Central Asia Struggles • Main Idea: Lands controlled or influenced by the Soviet Union struggle with the challenges of establishing new nations.

34. Freedom Brings New Challenges • 15 nations gained their independence with the fall of the Soviet Union • Have struggled economically and are some of the poorest countries in the world today! • Depend on the single crop of cotton (white gold) because the soviets changed all of their farmlands into cotton fields • Fighting among various ethnic and religious groups has increased the instability

35. History of Afghanistan • small nation that is mostly desert and mountainous • One of the least developed nations in the world • Mostly farmers or herders • Strategic land next to the Indian Ocean that the British and Russians wanted and fought over in the 1800s (Age of Imperialism) • Gained independence in 1919 • 1964: attempted to make democratic reforms but they failed to develop

36. Soviets Invade Afghanistan • Afghanistan tried to remain Neutral during the cold war • Received aid from both superpowers • Being so close to the Soviets, they could not hold up against the force of communism • Radical group with strong ties to the soviets seized control of the country • Many disliked the ideas of communism and felt they conflicted with the teachings of Islam

37. Pushing Out The Soviets • Opposition to the soviets formed the mujahedeen (holy warriors) • Took up arms and fought the soviet supported govt. • Forced the Soviet Union to step in and brought in soldiers and their superior weapons (1979) • Outcome: Afghan rebels used the land, guerilla warfare, and U.S. financial and military aid to force the Soviets out in a bloody 10 year war

38. Taliban • Rebel groups began battling each other for power • Taliban: conservative Islamic group won control • World view of the Taliban was positive at first as it brought order but their extreme following of Islamic law brought problems • Women not allowed an education/job • Censorship of media • Violations of laws brought beatings and executions • Role in Terrorism is final blow to their credibility

39. Fall of Taliban • Western leaders accused the Taliban of allowing terrorist groups to train in their country • Provided protection for Bin Laden whose Al-Qaeda organization is responsible for numerous attacks on the west (9/11) • U.S demanded Taliban turn over Bin Laden • Their refusal led to the U.S invading Afghanistan in 2001 and taking down the Taliban • Future will be difficult as the region is very diverse making it difficult to be unified and stable