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Empires. 600bce – 600ce. Jewish faiths developed.
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Empires 600bce – 600ce
Jewish faiths developed • Monotheistic Hebrew faith in southwest Asia was scattered ( the Jewish diaspora) to the eastern Mediterranean region and into central Asia by the Assyrians in approximately 600 bce and by the Romans around 70 ce. Jewish merchants carried the faith to small pockets of communities in major trade cities in Europe and in South and East Asia.
Hinduism • Hindu beliefs were influenced by concepts from the Vedic religions brought by Indo-European groups. • Unlike Christianity and Buddhism- there is not single founder. It developed over many years in South Asia out of a blending of various religious traditions, brought from outside the region. • Caste system- cycles of birth, death, reincarnation. The process could take many hundreds or thousands of lifetimes. Karma determines which way you move after death. • OVER TIME – Caste system ( SOCIAL GLUE). Empires came and went, invaders swept in, other religions were introduced, but the caste system remained!
Buddhism • Developed after Hinduism • Began in South Asia circa 500 bce. • Founded by Prince Siddhartha Gautama ( the BUDDHA) • Maintained Hinduism belief in reincarnation but taught spiritually there was no caste system. • Male and female, rich and poor shared same ability to reach nirvana. • Four noble truths- in life there is suffering, must end suffering reach nirvana. • End suffering by following the eightfold path. • Buddha taught that ?’s about the existence of God were immaterial. That those who reached Nirvana would find out whether there was a Supreme being. • The Mauryan Emperor Asoka was an early supporter of Buddhist missionary activity. • As it spread in the East and Southeast Asia it changed over time into a Salvationist faith that saw the Buddha as a deliverer of eternal life. This is the version we see most often today.
Christianity • Began is SW Asia in 1st century ce (c. 35ce) • Introduced to the Hebrews in Roman controlled Palestine by Jesus, who preached salvation through faith in him as the Son of God. • Jesus’s teachings were recorded in the Gospels and developed into other writings by his disciples, especially Paul. • Early Roman Empire- Christianity was seen as disloyal to the emperor and they were persecuted. • 4th century ce- Emperor Constantine made it the official religion of Rome. • Was spread through the work of missionaries and merchants. • It was attractive because everyone was accepted. • After the fall of Rome Christianity becomes even stronger (because that is all the people can hold on to) in the region dominating politics during the Middle ages.
Buddhism vs Christianity • Similarity between Buddhism and Christianity is that both faiths taught the spiritual equality of all believers. Both gained more followers outside their places of origin. Both were spread across trade routes, by missionaries and merchants. • Difference: Buddha himself did not promise eternal life to his followers, while Jesus did
Confucianism • circa 500 bce, China was undergoing political turmoil during the Warring States period. The teachings of Confucius become the bedrock of that society. • The Analects- sayings of Confucius written after his death. Set a clear set of rules for moral behavior, family, and political order. • Filial piety – utmost respect for parents and obedience for those in political power. • Ethnocentric idea of Confucianism – attitudes that they are better than other civilizations. • Gender Patriarchy of Confucianism - placed men over women • Civil Service Exam – The ideas of Confucius remain through dynasties. It becomes tied to the government since the ones in power must have passed an exam on Confucius ideas. • NEO- CONFUCIANISM:Neo-Confucianism was an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Daoism and Buddhism that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty.[
Daoism • Developed in East Asia around the same time as Confucianism. • Taught there were close connections between humans and nature. Balance and harmony in all things. • Attention to attaining a proper balance influenced the medical practice of acupuncture. • Daoism influenced an architectural style and landscapes. • Laozi- Daoist philosopher ( Yin Yang)
Must know Empires in order of rise • Phoenician city states and colonies around the Mediterranean ( c 1000-200 bce) • Greek city-states colonies around the Mediterranean ( c 600-330 bce) • Persia (Achaemenid) Empire (c 550-330 bce) • Roman Republic (c 500 –30 bce) • Alexander’s Hellenistic Empires ( c 330-30bce) • Mauryan Empire ( c 321-185bce) • Parthian Empire ( c 250bce-220ce) • Qin Empire ( c 220-206bce) • Han Empire ( c 206bce-220ce) • Roman Empire ( c 30bce-476ce) • Teotihuacan city state (c 100ce – 700ce) • Moche Empire ( c 100-800ce) • Mayan city states (c 250-900ce) • Gupta Empire ( c 320-550ce) • Byzantine Empire ( c 476-1453ce)
Forms of Gov. shared by most Empires • Created complex forms of governments and elaborate bureaucracies. • Kings had administrative support- vice kings ruled large portions of the empire, governors oversaw smaller territories, city leaders reported the governors. • Empires had gov. record keepers, post office officials, tax collectors, soldiers, census takers, and judges. • Many gov. in later eras modeled their systems on these from the classical era.
Persian Empires • Achaemenid and Parthian – because of their size they contacts with Hebrews, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans. • Achaemenid Empire – centered in modern Iran. Stretched from India across Turkey almost to Greece. Due to it’s large size regional leaders called satraps were used to watch over portions of the empire and report to king. • Had one of the worlds first highway systems. Was used to move the empire’s army and by the kings messengers. • FALL – overextended itself and became vulnerable to outside attack. Alexander the Great ( Greece) early 300’s bce. • After a century a new Persian based empire arose (Parthian) defeated what still remained of Alexander’s divided kingdom. Biggest Rival – ROME.
Chinese Dynasties • QIN and HAN – religious tolerance, technological achievements, governmental system that lasted over 2,000 years. • QIN – after the Chaos of the warring states period the Qin dynasty arose. Mandate of Heaven idea appeared during this time (Heaven would choose the Emperor to Unite China) • Emperor Qin Shihuangdi used legalism to establish chain of command in bureacracy. Severe punishment for those who broke the rules.
Han Dynasty • Existed the same time as Roman Empire and exchanged trade and diplomatic ties along Silk Road. • Was roughly as large as Rome’s. More Technologically developed than Rome. ( paper, sundials, calendars, rudder on a ship, compass, broaden use of metals) • Extended it’s power through a mix of diplomacy, trade and military power. • Building of the Great Wall of China started to keep invaders. ( the construction lasted on and off for over 1,000 years) • Also began digging the Grand Canal – to link Northern and Southern China. Allowed grain from N. And rice from the S. to trade. People also moved. The gov. moved many people from the N. to the S. to promote unification.
India – Mauryan/Gupta Mauryan: Local and regional gov. were more powerful. • Ashoka converted to peaceful life under Buddhism after years of violent wars to expand his empire.Rock and Pillar Edicts- carved throughout the empire, reminded citizens to live generous and righteous lives. • Despite his efforts to spread Buddhism, Hinduism remained. • Traded with Mesopotamia and Rome. • Had a strong Military. Gupta: Chandra Gupta the Great. Hinduism becomes dominant Religion. • Covered roughly the northern half of today’s India. • Concept of Zero and Pi. Efficient number system (later introduced to the West as Arabic numerals) Chess, and medical advancements(plastic surgery)
Phoenicians • City-States in the Mediterranean • Alphabet and reading from left to right. • Great seafaring skills- to establish colonies in Greece, Italy, North Africa, and Spain. • Did not use military conquest. Were more interested in trade. • Specialized in luxury goods (words such as diamond, cinnamon and rose trace back to origins of Phoenicians) • Influenced Greek culture- Phoenician alphabet, and coins were adopted by Greece. • Later Rome will battle the Phoenician colony of Carthage for economic and political control of the Western Mediterranean.
Greek City-States • Athenian Democracy – only free adult men could be citizens and would vote at town hall meeting type events. • The other city states did not share this type of government.They shared a common language and religion. Sparta was a total oligarchy – meaning a few men made the gov. decisions and no dissent was permitted. .
Hellenistic Empires • Alexander the Great united multiple Greek city states from the first time in their history. He led an army to conquer Persia ( Achaemenid) in c 300bce. He expanded Greek border to include Egypt and the Indus River region. After his death the empire was divided among his top generals. • With this conquest of Alexander the spread of Greek culture and ideas to the newly conquered territory in know as Hellenism. • Blending of Greek math, science, and philosophy, literature, governance, architecture, and art with the existing forms in Egypt, SW Asia, Central and S Asia.
Romans • Patterned politics and culture after the Greeks.Roman army conquered Greece after Alexander's death. Romans traded in many of their gods in favor of Greek gods and gave them Roman names. • Death of Julius Cesar and rise of emperor Augustus marks the change from the Roman Republic (c 500-30 bce) to Roman Empire (c 30bce-476 ce). • Built monuments and aqueducts that carried water over long distances to major cities. Roads crossed the Empire and led to Med., Eastern and Western Europe and Britain. Roads were used to move military, by merchants, and missionaries of Christianity. • Romans also fought people within the empire that did not like being under their control (uprisings in Britain, Gaul France, Germany, and Palestine Jews. • Extended their influence by using diplomats and merchants who traveled beyond Rome’s borders and traded goods.Roman Republic promoted migration to it’s colonies to spread the Roman way.
Similarities of the Classical Rome and Han China and Gupta India 1. agricultural-based economies, patriarchal family structures • 2. complex governments – because they were so large, had to invent new ways to keep their lands together politically; each was still unique • 3.Central government relied on local officials to regulate society • 4.trade important – connected by land and sea • 5.Social hierarchy = Income gap • 6.Land distribution issues • 7.Capital cities are the center of artistic and scientific innovation; easier during a time of peace/Pax • B.Similarities between Rome and Han • 1.Expanded into terr. that brought a variety of char. but they also brought cultural unity to those territories • 2.Educated bureaucracy • 3.Built infrastructure (roads or canals) to promote commerce, help military move, etc. • 4.Built walls/forts to protect against invaders which led to economic problems keeping up with the costs • 5.Government lost loyalty of the people as they were asked for more money to pay for the military
