600CE- 1450CE

1. 600CE- 1450CE

2. Rise of Islam • Followers called Muslims • Believe that Allah (God) transmitted his words to the faithful through Mohammad • Mohammad’s followers recorded teachings in Qu’ran • Believe that salvation comes from submission to God: • Five Pillars of Islam: • Confession of faith • Prayer 5 times per day • Charity to needy • Fasting during Ramadan • Pilgrimage to Mecca • Jihad: to struggle

3. Islam • 2 Sects: Sunni and Shia (Disagree over who succeed Mohammad) • Mecca and Medina; Ka’ba • Dar al Islam: House of Islam

4. After Mohammad • After Mohammad dies, Abu Bakr becomes caliph (head of the state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader) • Later on there would be lack of clear succession in terms of leaders • Theocracy: government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are divinely guided • Caliphate: empire ruled by caliph

5. Umayyad Dynasty • Son of Ali, Hasan, relinquishes throne. Gives way to Umayyad Dynasty • Increased size of Islamic Empire (led to increased conflicts) • Capital at Damascus, spiritual center at Mecca • Official language was Arabic • Tax on religions other than Islam • Much success during Umayyad, they built the Dome of the Rock during its reign.

6. Umayyad cont. • Muslims split into two sects: Shiite and Sunni • Shiite: Shia Islam holds the Mohammad’s son in law, Ali, was heir to empire • Sunnis: They hold Ali in high esteem, but did not believe he was the successor • Thought empires should be derived from base of people. • Battle for control between forces of Abu al-Abbas (Shia) and reigning power led to decline of Umayyad • Replaced by the Abbasid Dynasty

7. Abbasid Dynasty • Eventually destroyed by Mongols • Golden age where arts and sciences flourished • Capital at Baghdad (became cultural center) • Islamic empire based on trade • Introduced idea of credit • Advancements in math and medical • Expanded with knowledge learned from India

8. Abbasid Cont. • Defeat Tang at Battle of Talus River • Fight over control of Silk Road • Diffusion of paper money from China to Middle East • Muslims monopolized trade routes • Protected heritage of western Europe • Translated teachings from Ancient Rome and Greece to Arabic • Abbasid were tolerant of local conquered religions • Sufis were most successful Islamic missionaries • Allowed conquered to blend Islam and other faiths

9. Women in Islam • Women viewed as property. • No rights to own property or inherit it. • Low status of women gave way to female infanticide • After Qu’ran written status of women increased. • Women treated with more dignity, considered equal before Allah • Women still treated unequally in some ways • Example: Testimony in court • Overtime Islamic society became more patriarchal and more structured

10. Decline of Islamic Caliphate • Internal rivalries between groups weakened empire • Final blow when Turkish slaves (mamluks) revolted and established new capital in central Iraq. • Mongols invade and destroy the empire.

11. Europe and Byzantine • Enter Middle Ages, period after fall of Rome and before Renaissance • The Roman Empire split in to two sides • East v. West, practiced different forms of Christianity • Eastern Roman Empire: AKA Byzantine Empire • Centered in Constantinople • Highly centralized • Western Roman Empire • Complete collapse • Religion still strong

12. Byzantine Empire • Used Greek Language, had domes on buildings, culture similar to Persia • Religion: Orthodox Chrsitianity • Leaders had absolute authority with monopolies over economy • Used coined money • Justinian restored glory of Roman Empire in Constantinople • Trade and arts, Justinian Code (law), Hagia Sophia (enormous cathedral)

13. Byzantine Continued • No Pope, they had secular leaders • Disagreement with Western Empire over sacrament of communion, rules about priests, and use of languages in church. • Orthodoxy in East, Roman Catholicism in West

14. Orthodoxy in Russia • St. Cyril converted Slavics of southeastern Europe and Russia to Orthodox Christianity • Vladimir (a prince) converted to Christian Orthodoxy • Russia aligned with Byzantine in terms of beliefs and traditions • Russia became culturally different than other powers of Europe

15. Franks versus Muslims • After collapse of Western Roman Empire, small kingdoms were formed. • Most significant was the Franks • Franks were a Germanic tribe under leadership of King Clovis • Roman Catholicism • Empire divided among King’s sons=decline • Muslims attack, Charles Martel leads the Franks and defeats the Muslims at the Battle of Tours. • Martel declares Carolingian Dynasty

16. Charlemagne • Crowned by Pope, kn0wn as Charles the Great • Built the Holy Roman Empire (relatively small, compared to the Roman Empire) • Strong focus on arts and education • Feudalistic society, meaning Charlemagne shared power with local lords • Charlemagne did not levy taxes (did not build strong empire) • After death, empire divided among sons in Treat of Verdun

17. Vikings (AKA Normans) • Used multi oared boats to invade • Notorious for raiding Roman Catholic Monasteries • Developed some of the earliest commercial fisheries in Northern Europe • Vikings converted to Christianity

18. European Feudalism • The social, economic, and political system of the middle ages King Nobles Vassals Peasants

19. How it Works • Kings holds power of kingdom • Nobles give king military service and loyalty to the kingdom and king gives them power over sections of the kingdom • Nobles divide land into smaller sections under the control of vassals • Land given to vassals called fiefs • Vassals could then split the land again and allow peasants to work on it • Peasants (serfs) eventually tied to land

20. Three Field System • Rotation of fields • One for fall harvest, spring harvest, and one replenishing it’s nutrients • “Great Clearing” used by lords to create more farmland

21. Chivalry • Code of etiquette, an honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect • Followed by lords and knights

22. Serf Specialization • Serfs specializing in specific skills gave way to a middle class of merchants (burghers)

23. Hanseatic League • One of the most significant alliances between towns • Established in 1385, had an economic basis and controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe

24. Gothic Cathedrals and Crusades • Cathedrals designed to bring worshippers closer to God • Flying buttresses, gave support to windows and vaulted ceilings. • Crusades- military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of 11th through 14th C. to take over the Holy Land • Gave way to heresies (religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to traditional doctrine • Good things came from the Crusades, in the form of diffusion of culture and ideas between ethnic groups

25. Pope Innocent III • Issued strict decrees on church doctrine • Heretics and Jews were frequently persecuted • Fourth and final unsuccessful Crusade was ordered by Innocent III • Pope Gregory IX started Inquisition, formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics Pope Innocent III

26. Crusades (4 of them) • 1st Crusade, initiated by Pope Urban • Response to Seljuk Turks who controlled Holy Land • Christians wanted Jerusalem • 2nd and 3rd Crusades • Not significant • 4th Crusade • Catholic Church sacked Constantinople and est. Latin Empire • Made Holy Land violent and uncertain

27. Thomas Aquinas • Famous Christian realist • He wrote Summa Theologica • Outlined his view that faith and reason are not in conflict, but that both are gifts from God and each can be used to enhance the other

28. Power Solidifies • Interregnum- time between kings • Germany and Italy became decentralized in a group of strong, independent townships and kingdoms • England • Magna Carta- reinstated feudal rights of the lords, and extended the rule of law to other people in the country • Parliament established: two branches- House of Lords and House of Commons

29. Joan of Arc • Claimed to have heard voices telling her to liberate France from England • Eventually claimed all French territory • Said she was divinely inspired to lead men into battle • Joan of Arc was eventually burned at the stake by the French • Hundred Years War- btwn France and England, England eventually withdrew from France

30. More about power and government • After 100 Years War, power in France became more centralized • Under Bourbons (series of monarchs) France was unified and became major power • Spain was united by Queen Isabella, who married Ferdinand, making a single monarchy • Spanish Inquisition: non-Christians forced to leave the country

31. Russia!!! • 1242 Russia succumbs to invading Tatars (Mongols) ruled by Genghis Khan • By late 14th C that Russian Princes gained back power • Ivan III expanded Muscovy territory (area around Moscow) and declared himself Czar • Moscow declared third Rome • Ivan the Terrible centralized power and ruled with Secret Police IVAN THE TERRIBLE!!!!

32. Asia • 3 powerful Chinese dynasties (600 to 1450): Tang, Song, and Ming • Golden Ages • Tang Dynasty • Ruled by Xuanzong, empire expanded to Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea • Local warlords gained more and more power and Tang collapses • Song Dynasty • Unified by Taizu • Fell to Mongols, who established Yuan Dynasty • Ming Dynasty rose after Yuan fell

33. China • Nearly every aspect of life and culture advanced during the Tang and Song dynasties • Art, architecture, science, porcelain, silk, transportation, • Tang=poetry • Song= printing processes, gun powder, compasses, • Both used Civil Service Examinations, focus on Confucian Principles • Both had paper money and letters of credit • Tang built military garrisons on major trade routes

34. Empress of China • Wu Zhao became first and only empress of China, ever, during the Tang Dynasty • Impressive, right? • China was very patriarchal at this time (foot binding)

35. Religion in China • Most influential religion was Buddhism • Two forms: Mahayana and Chan • Mahayana: emphasis on peaceful and quite existence, life apart from worldly values • Chan: emphasis on meditation and appreciation of beauty. Had converts from educated classes • Neo Confucianism • Borrowed Buddhist ideas about the soul and individual • Filial Piety (maintenance of proper roles and loyalty to superiors)

36. Japan • First important ruling family was the Yamamoto Clan • First and only dynasty to rule Japan • Current ruler is descendant of this clan • Shinto religion “the way of the gods” • Japanese worshipped the kami, referring to nature and all forces of it • Goal of Shinto is to become part of kami by following certain rituals and customs • Taika reforms to make Japan more similar to China

37. More Japan • YoritomoMinamoto given title of shogun, given “real power” • Power not in hands of emperor • Beneath shogun were daimyo’s (owners of large tracts of land, and powerful samurai • Code of Bushido (followed by Samurai), like code of chivalry in Europe

38. India • When Islam conquered India, they set up Delhi Sultanate • Made non-Muslims pay a tax • Hindu temples were destroyed • Good things did come from Delhi Sultanate though: • Colleges founded, irrigation improved, Mosques built,

39. Mongols • Great horsemen and archers • Genghis Khan unified Mongol tribes and set them on a path of expansion • He invaded China in 1234, Mongol Empire eventually spanned from Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe • Split into Hordes, or small independent empires • Golden Horde: Russia; treated as vassal state • Kublai Khan ruled China • Called PaxMongolica

40. Mongols • Did not have organized religion, so they didn’t enforce one on conquered • Invaded India under Timur Lang (AKA Tamerlane), ruthless and cruel leader • Destroyed everything and massacred thousands • Mongols were great diffusers of culture (i.e. Buddhism) • World trade grew and cultural diffusion grew

41. Africa: Kush and Axum • Developed to the south of Egypt • Kush developed at same time as Ancient Egypt • Axum rose after Kush declined • Christianity in the 4th C. and converted to Islam in the 7th C • Swahili Coast: settled by Bantu • Major trade and merchantry

42. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai • West Africa south of Sahara • Began trade with Muslim Empire in 7th C. • Trade increased across the Sahara as time progressed • Gold became major trade and symbol of wealth and power • Islam led to decline of Ghana (holy war) • Mali: • Greatest ruler was Mansa Musa (built capital and expanded) • Gold pilgrimage to Mecca

43. Songhai • Sonnia Ali made the largest empire in West Africa • Conquered entire region • Became major cultural center • Used oral literature • Bronze sculpting

44. The Americas • Mayans • City states ruled by single king • Largely agricultural • Lowlands of Central America • Wars for capturing slaves and sacrifices • Decline of Mayan unknown

45. Aztecs • AKA the Mexica • Capital at Tenochtitlan • Expansionist policy with professional army • Extensive road system for trade and transportation • Warriors were elite class • Tribute from conquered peoples

46. Inca • Andes Mtns in Peru • Expansionist policy with professional army, established bureaucracy • Primary labor source was humans • Capital at Cuzco • Mummification of rulers • No private property • Temple of the Sun and Machu Picchu • Quipu for record keeping