Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600BCE to 600CE

1. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600BCE to 600CE Key Concept 2.1: The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Key Concept 2.2: The Development of States and Empires Key Concept 2.3: Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

2. Codification of Religion • States and empires increased in size, religion was transformed • Belief systems provided a bond among people and ethical codes to live by • Reinforced political, economic, and social hierarchies (caste system) • Religious and political authority merged • Belief systems generated conflict • Judaism and Hebrew Code • Vedic Religions

3. Codification of Religion • Hinduism • Buddhism-reaction to the Vedic beliefs of South Asia-desire, suffering, enlightenment all apply to both • Buddhism spread and changed • Confucianism • Daoism-influence on Chinese culture • Christianity • Greco-Roman philosophy • Ancestor veneration, Shamanism, Animism (Africa, East Asia, Mediterranean, Andes)

4. Literature and Drama • Greek plays • Indian Epics • Distinctive Architecture • India • Greece • Rome • Mesoamerica

5. Development of States and Empires • Empires grew in population and size, litesto manage affairs • Currencies, internal improvements • Cities • Competed for resources and land causes conflict • Powerful militaries • Administrative institutions-centralized governments, diplomacy, infrastructure • Ethnically and culturally diverse populations • By expanding, created unmanageable political, cultural, and administrative difficulties • Social and economic problems • Environmental challenges • External problems (borders)

6. Important Classical Age States SW Asia: Persian Empires (remember there are three: Achaemenid, 550-330 B.C.E., Parthian, 247 B.C. E.-228 C.E., Sassanid, 224-651C.E.) E Asia: Qin and Han S Asia: Maurya and Gupta Mediterranean: Phoenicia, Greece, Hellenistic, Rome Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya Andes: Moche

7. Networks of Exchange • Long distance trade increased • Demand for luxury goods and raw materials • Land and water routes linked many regions • Exchange of people, technologies, religions, cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, disease pathogens • America and Oceania had localized networks

8. Networks of Exchange • Eurasian Silk Roads • Tran-Saharan Caravan • Indian Ocean Sea Lanes • Mediterranean Sea Lanes

9. New Transportation Technologies • Yokes • Saddles • Stirrups • Horses • Oxen • Llamas • Camels • Improved maritime technologies (E. Asia to E. Africa) • Dhow

10. Impacts of Trade • New farming and irrigation techniques- Qanat • Disease-Rome and China • Religions were reformed • Christianity • Hinduism • Buddhism

14. Persepolis: Persia

16. Carthage: Phoenician

18. Athens: Greece

20. Pataliputra: Mauryan

22. Chang’an (present day Xi’an)

24. Rome

25. Constantinople

27. Alexandria

29. Teotihuacan