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Development of Bio-Methanization : De-oiled cakes of Jatropha and Pongamia Seeds

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Development of Bio-Methanization : De-oiled cakes of Jatropha and Pongamia Seeds

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    2. CHARACTERIZATION OF JATROPHA AND PONGAMIA OIL SEED CAKES

    3. Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Feed Materials

    5. Ultimate Analysis and carbon-nitrogen ratio of feed materials

    6. Manurial values of feed materials

    7. 7

    9. 9

    12. PREPARATION OF SUBSTRATES AND DEVELOPMENT OF INOCULUM

    13. The Structure of Digestor

    14. Preparation of Substrates and Determination of Their Properties Dilution ratio and solids concentration. To keep TS in between 18-22 % and to maintain flow ability of substrates. More surface for Bacterial hydrolysis. See A Case Study. 3:1 and 4:1 for jatropha oil cake and, 3:1 and 3.5:1 for pongamia oil cake.

    15. Preliminary Batch Biomethanation Study

    17. Composition of prepared substrates and their C/N ratio, TS, VS and their dilution ratio [as received (live dilution ratio) and absolute dilution ratio (dry basis)]

    19. Average variations of pH of inlet feed substrates and biogas spent slurry

    20. Observed unit production of biogas variations for 90 day HRT period under preliminary batch biomethanation study

    22. A major challenge in biomethanation of these oil cakes is lacking of inherent bacteria like cattle dung. Lack of these inherent bacteria demands a special attention for operation of digester with oil cake. Other major deficiency of cake is the presence of long chain free fatty acids, which are prone to destroy the population of bacteria. An appropriate amount of cattle dung with oil cake may stabilize the bacterial population. Low yield and very poor quality of biogas was observed during the preliminary batch biomethanation study. Thus the cattle dung inoculum were not encouraging. The substrates of jatropha and pongamia oil cakes might have created a sudden and drastic change in environment for the bacterial activity resulting in their inhibition. This shows that continuous drop in population of bacteria in the inoculum. This is due to effect of bacterial inhibition since the substrates were new for the bacteria present in the cattle dung inoculum. This proves that production of effective (special) inoculum in a small aspirator bottles with little amount of initial inoculum (taken from a cattle dung digester) is not feasible.

    24. This shows the adaptation of bacteria to the environment offered by new substrates possibly by developing into a suitable strain. This acclimatization is due to fact that, when the concentrations of inhibitory or toxic materials are slowly increased within the environment, many microorganisms can rearrange their metabolic resources, thus overcoming the metabolic block produced by the normally inhibitory or toxic material. However, sufficient time should be available for this rearrangement to take place under sudden change in environment. The slurry of the biogas plant being fed with pongamia oil seed cake was used as inoculum for further studies.

    25. BIOMETHANATION OF JATROPHA AND PONGAMIA OIL SEED CAKES AND THEIR KINETICS STUDY

    26. Experimental phases of biomethanation process

    27. Total solids and volatile solids concentration in the substrates under Phase I

    28. Cumulative biogas production yield based on volatile solids contents of the substrates

    29. Variation of methane concentration in generated biogas

    30. Variation of total volatile solid mass removal efficiencies of the substrates

    31. Specific Biogas Yield

    32. 4.2 Continuous Feeding Experimental Investigation on Selected Treatments in Digester of 300 Litre Capacity

    33. Total solids and volatile solids concentration in the substrates under Phase II

    34. Variation of specific biogas yield based on total volatile solid contents of the substrates

    37. N, P & K Contents of Biogas Spent Slurry

    38. 4.3 Continuous Feeding Experimental Investigation in Floating Drum Biogas Plant of 20 m3/d Capacity

    39. Total solids and volatile solids concentration in the substrates under Phase III

    42. Specific Methane Yield

    43. Specific Methane Yield Phase II & III

    44. Special Modifications in Digester for Oil Cake Substrates Modifications of dimensions of digester of biogas plant. Other alternate options: Increasing the gas holding capacity of gas holder. Frequent release of biogas stored in gas holder of the plant.

    45. Digester capacity of biogas plant for biomethanation of jatropha oil cake at dilution ratio of 4:1 Specific biogas production rate of 0.62 m3/kg feed material (For biogas plant of more than 10 m3/d capacity)

    46. A Compression ignition engine (rated brake power 5.9 kW at rated engine speed of 1500 rpm) converted into spark ignition engine have been evaluated on compressed natural gas and biogas derived from non-edible oil cakes. Parameters 1. Power developed by the engine (kW) 2. Engine speed (rev/min) 3. Brake specific fuel consumption (g/kW-h) 4. Brake thermal efficiency (%) 5. Equivalence ratio (theoretical and actual air consumption)

    47. Experimental setup of test engine (5.9 kW diesel engine converted into SI engine to run on CNG and biogas)

    48. Independent and Dependent Parameters

    49. Brake power developed by the engine on CNG and biogas at selected ignition advance of spark

    50. Variation of engine speed at selected ignition advance of spark on CNG and biogas

    51. Variation of specific fuel consumption of the engine at selected ignition advance of spark on CNG and biogas

    52. Variation of brake thermal efficiency of the engine at selected ignition advance of spark on CNG and biogas

    53. Variation of equivalence ratio at selected ignition advance of spark on CNG and biogas

    54. Characterization of jatropha and pongamia oil cakes show that these oil cake have more than six times higher volatile solids content than that of cattle dung. Non-volatile solids content in jatropha oil cake is marginally higher than the pongamia oil cake. C/N ratio found to range from 8 to 12 for these two oil cakes which is comparatively too low in regard of cattle dung. Dilution ratio of 3:1 to 4:1(water: oil cake) is essential for maintaining proper flowabilty of biogas spent slurry inside the digester of biogas plant. It is necessary to develop a special inoculum for efficient digestion of jatropha and pongamia oil seed cakes substrates as the biomethanation process is inhibited if the substrates are seeded with normal inoculum.

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