Indian Policy of the New Nation

1. Indian Policy of the New Nation Washington’s Indian Policy The Battle of Fallen Timbers -emigration resumed into the Ohio River Valley beginning in 1781 and even more so after the Revolution ended in 1783 -Indians formed a coalition under Miami leader Little Turtle and Lenape (Delaware) Buckongahelas -the British just to the north in Canada promised help if necessary -England shared the Indians’ dream of the Northwest as a permanent and sovereign Territory/that would serve their interests of preventing Americans from expanding northward far enough to threaten their control of Canada

2. -The Battle of Fallen Timbers -emigration resumed into the Ohio River Valley beginning in 1781 and even more so after the Revolution ended in 1783 -Indians formed a coalition under Miami leader Little Turtle and Lenape (Delaware) Buckongahelas -the British just to the north in Canada promised help if necessary -England shared the Indians’ dream of the Northwest as a permanent and sovereign Territory/that would serve their interests of preventing Americans from expanding northward far enough to threaten their control of Canada

3. -Washington first sent a militia under General Josiah Harmar, but Indians defeated the Americans -Washington then sent a militia under General Arthur St. Clair, and his troops suffered one of the worse defeats in American history against Indians -Washington tried once again with “Mad” Anthony Wayne, a well-known leader from the Revolutionary War -the two sides confronted each other at opposite side of a somewhat clear area that had recently been hit by a tornado -Wayne held off taking the offensive until many Indian soldiers had left the scene -the Americans won, forcing the Indian coalition to concede the southeastern part of what now is Ohio in the Treaty of Fort Greenville -this was just the beginning of the end for Indians in the Northwest

4. Little Turtle

5. probably a more accurate image

6. a broader view

7. Battle of Fallen Timbers

8. Federal trade and Intercourse Acts 1790-1834 -designated areas to be deemed Indian country -persons trading with Indians had to be licensed and U.S. citizens -the license could be refused, or, if granted, could be revoked -forfeiture of goods and fines for trading without a license -outsiders had obtain passports to go into Indian country -only Indians could trap in their limits -cattle could not to be driven for forage on Indian lands -intruders could be removed -settlers could be driven off by military force -could not purchase or grant any land from Indians -could be fined for sending any communications that disturbed the peace -could be fined for corresponding with foreign powers to disturb the peace -property of friendly Indians damaged had to pay twice its value -indemnification made for property destroyed or taken

9. Washington’sFederal Factory System -in 1795, Congress passed and Washington signed a bill creating the federal factory system • -established twenty-eight federal trading posts their tribal governments • System • -used as leverage to cause the tribes to cede substantial territory in exchange for access to the factory • -Washington’s rationale for suggesting the factory was that fairly priced goods and shopping at federal trading posts would bind Indians to the United States and would avoid the friction, fraud, and problems that private traders had so often caused for the English and Americans in the past • -it was a chain of trading posts that the federal government operated across the Indian frontier • -Congress used these factories to exercise its power over Indian affairs and to completely monopolize all trade and commercial relationships with the Indian Nations -Congress repeatedly reauthorized this law at the suggestion of Washington and later presidents • -there were several objections raised over the decades to this federal program. The complaints came primarily from private commercial interests who no doubt wanted to gain profits for themselves from the Indian trade • -Congress therefore terminated it in 1822

10. Part of Federal Trade and Intercourse Acts • Creek: • -Colerain, 1795-97 • -Fort Wilkinson, 1797-1806 • -Ocmulgee Old Fields, 1806-9 • -Fort Hawkins, 1809-16 • -Fort Mitchell, 1816-20 • Cherokee: • -Fort Tellico, 1795-1807 • -Fort Hiwassee, 1807-10 • -Fort Wayne, 1802-12 • Choctaw: • -Fort St. Stephens, 1802-15 • -Fort Confederation, 1816-22 • -Fort Chickasaw, 1802–18 • -Fort Detroit, 1802-5 • -Fort Arkansas, 1805–10 • -Fort Chicago, 1805-22 • -Fort Belle Fontaine, 1805-9 • Natchitoches • -Sulphur Fork, 1805-1818 • -Fort Sulpher Fork, 1818-22 • -Fort Sandusky ,1806-12 • -Fort Madison, Iowa, 1808-15 • -Fort Osage, 1808–22 • -Fort Mackinac (Michilimackinac), 1808–12 -Fort Green Bay, 1815–22 • -Fort Praire du Chien, 1815–22 • -Fort Edwards, 1818–22 • -Fort Spadre Bluffs, (Illinois Bayou), 1818–22

11. Our system is to live in perpetual peace with the Indians, to cultivate an affectionate attachment from them, by everything just and liberal which we can do for them within the bounds of reason, and by giving them effectual protection against wrongs from our own people. The decrease of game rendering their subsistence by hunting insufficient, we wish to draw them to agriculture, to spinning and weaving. The latter branches they take up with great readiness, because they fall to the women, who gain by quitting the labors of the field for, those which are exercised within doors. When they withdraw themselves to the culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are their extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in exchange for necessaries for their farms and families. Jefferson's Indian Policy President Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, 1803 Our system is to live in perpetual peace with the Indians, to cultivate an affectionate attachment from them, by everything just and liberal which we can do for them within the bounds of reason, and by giving them effectual protection against wrongs from our own people. The decrease of game rendering their subsistence by hunting insufficient, we wish to draw them to agriculture, to spinning and weaving. The latter branches they take up with great readiness, because they fall to the women, who gain by quitting the labors of the field for, those which are exercised within doors. When they withdraw themselves to the culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are their extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in exchange for necessaries for their farms and families. To promote this disposition to exchange lands, which they have to spare and we want, for necessaries, which we have to spare and they want, we shall push our trading uses, and be glad to see the good and influential individuals among them run in debt, because we observe that when these debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them off by a cession of lands.

12. --The Prophet • To promote this disposition to exchange lands, which they have to spare and we want, for necessaries, which we have to spare and they want, we shall push our trading uses, and be glad to see the good and influential individuals among them run in debt, because we observe that when these debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them off by a cession of lands. At our trading houses, too, we mean to sell so low as merely to repay us cost and charges, so as neither to lessen or enlarge our capital. This is what private traders cannot do, for they must gain; they will consequently retire from the competition, and we shall thus get clear of this pest without giving offence or umbrage to the Indians. In this way our settlements will gradually circumscribe and approach the Indians, and they will in time either incorporate with us a citizens or the United States, or remove beyond the Mississippi. The former is certainly the termination of their history most happy for themselves; but, in the whole course of this, it is essential to cultivate their love. As to their fear, we presume that our strength and their weakness is now so visible that they must see we have only to shut our hand to crush them, and that all our liberalities to them proceed from motives of pure humanity only. Should any tribe be foolhardy enough to take up the hatchet at any time, the seizing the whole country of that tribe, and driving them across the Mississippi, as the only condition of peace, would be an example to others, and a furtherance of our final consolidationoe • River in what is now Indiana • -becomes a “Mecca” for believers

13. -The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)poses • --Jefferson asked and received from Congress an appropriation/ secret expedition because it not was not legal yet • -Shawnee “ner-do-well” had a vision/Indians had to return to Indian traditions (some like guns not included) • -established Prophetstown, on Tippecanoe • River in what is now Indiana • -became a “Mecca” for believers • d to see what was the potential was • for the fur trade • --wanted to know all about the flora and • Fauna • --more “king making” among Indians • to make it easier to negotiate treaties (rarely • worked)

14. Tenskwatawa

15. -Tecumseh • he disobeyed Tecumseh • -turned his brother’s movement in a political way • -William Henry Harrison was forcing small • -Indian nations of the northwest to sign treaties “duress” • -land owned by all Indian • nations collectively to attack • nder “duress”/land owned by all Indian • nations collectively • --Battle of Tippecanoe Creek in 1811 -William Henry Harrison makes an offensive/ stakes out militia right across creek -Tecumseh south, trying to win allies there -puts his brother in charge, and he disobeyed orders not to attack under he had returned -a major loss for the Indians

16. Tecumseh

17. --Battle of Tippecanoe Creek in 1811 -William Henry Harrison -treatied with small, individual Indian nations in the Northwest/duress • -while Tecumseh was south, trying to win allies there, Harrison staked his out militia right across creek south -puts his brother in charge, and he disobeyed orders not to attack until he had returned -a major loss for the Indians

18. -puts Tenskwatawa brother in charge, and he disobeyed orders not to attack under he had returned -a major loss for the Indians • at Tippecanoe Creek in 1811 -William Henry Harrison makes an offensive/stakes out militia right across the creek -Tecumseh goes south, trying to win allies there -puts in charge, and he disobeyed orders not to attack under he had returned -a major loss for the Indians