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Change of Plans:

Change of Plans:. Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed. Read Beth Loftus for Monday Nov. 29th. Memory. Short-Term “Working” Memory. Overview of Memory. Atkinson-Shiffrin Model. RETRIEVAL. ATTENTION. Sensory Memory. Short-Term Memory. Long-Term Memory.

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Change of Plans:

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  1. Change of Plans: Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed. Read Beth Loftus for Monday Nov. 29th

  2. Memory Short-Term “Working” Memory

  3. Overview of Memory • Atkinson-Shiffrin Model RETRIEVAL ATTENTION Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Sensory Signals REHEARSAL

  4. Short-Term Memory • process by which we hold information “in mind”

  5. Short-Term Memory • process by which we hold information “in mind” • example: temporarily remembering a phone number

  6. Characteristics of STM • Capacity? Duration? • How could you measure these parameters?

  7. Characteristics of STM • Limited Duration • Brown-Petersen Task: • subject is given a trigram (e.g. C-F-W) to remember • vocal rehearsal is prevented by counting backwards • recall accuracy tested as a function of retention interval

  8. Characteristics of STM • STM decays over seconds

  9. Characteristics of STM • Limited Duration • Brown-Petersen Task Interpretation: rapid loss of information in STM (over a period of seconds…much longer than sensory memory)

  10. Characteristics of STM • Limited Capacity • How might you measure capacity?

  11. Characteristics of STM • Limited Capacity • George Miller • Subject is given longer and longer lists of to-be-remembered items (words, characters, digits)

  12. Characteristics of STM • Limited Capacity • George Miller • Subject is given longer and longer lists of to-be-remembered items (words, characters, digits) • Result: Subjects are successful up to about 7 items

  13. Characteristics of STM • Limited Capacity • What confound must be considered ?!

  14. Characteristics of STM • Limited Capacity • What confound must be considered ?! • Recalling takes time !

  15. Characteristics of STM • Limited Capacity • What confound must be considered ?! • Recalling takes time ! • It seems that the “capacity” of STM (at least measured in this way) depends on the rate of speech - faster speech leads to apparently larger capacity • Some believe capacity is “2 - 3 seconds worth of speech”

  16. Characteristics of STM • Limited Capacity • “chunking”: grouping items into meaningful bundles increases STM capacity (in some sense) • Example: 111 333 666 333 777 222

  17. Forgetting from STM • Why do we “forget” from STM? • Does the memory trace decay? • not likely because with very small lists (like 1 item) retention is high for long intervals

  18. Forgetting from STM • Why do we “forget” from STM? • Does the memory trace decay? • not likely because with very small lists (like 1 item) retention is high for long intervals • Instead, it seems that information “piles up” and begins to interfere

  19. Forgetting from STM • Interference in STM is complex and specific

  20. Forgetting from STM • Interference in STM is complex and specific • For example, severity of interference depends on meaning

  21. Forgetting from STM • Interference in STM is complex and specific • For example, severity of interference depends on meaning • Subjects are given successive recall tasks with list items from the same category (e.g. fruits) • final list is of either same or different category - how is good is recall on this list?

  22. Forgetting from STM • Accuracy rebounds if category changes

  23. Coding in STM • How is information coded in STM?

  24. Coding in STM • How is information coded in STM? • Failures of STM give some clues:

  25. Coding in STM • How is information coded in STM? • Failures of STM give some clues: • Capacity decreases with increasing length of to-be-remembered words

  26. Coding in STM • How is information coded in STM? • Failures of STM give some clues: • Capacity decreases with increasing length of to-be-remembered words • phonological similarity effect - similar sounding items are harder to remember than different sounding items

  27. Coding in STM • How is information coded in STM? • Failures of STM give some clues: • Capacity decreases with increasing length of to-be-remembered words • phonological similarity effect - similar sounding items are harder to remember than different sounding items • What does this suggest about coding in STM?

  28. Coding in STM • Information in STM can be coded in an “auditory” (or subvocal) way • Try to sketch a model of STM with boxes and arrows

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