Presentation Transcript

1. Questions to write down… How did the invention of the cotton gin effect slavery? What was Manifest Destiny? What did the Homestead Act put into place? What did the 2nd Great Awakening have to do with Abolition? Who was William Lloyd Garrison? How did Horace Mann bring change to public schools? Who won the election of 1828 and what was his nickname? Who were the five “civilized” tribes? What happened with South Carolina in the Nullification Crisis? What were “pet banks”? What was the Whig Party? List 8th, 9th, and 10th President and their party association.
2. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution (IR) began in England in the 1700s. It soon spread to Belgium and France, and eventually to the U.S. It was characterized by advances in science and technology and far-reaching socioeconomic changes. Industrialization involved a transition from manual to power-driven factory labor. Beginning in the late 1700s, factories increasingly produced goods such as cloth and furniture previously made by hand in small shops or at home. As industries grew, people left their rural farms and villages for wage earning jobs in the factories of the cities.
3. Cotton BOOM Cotton is full of sticky seeds. In 1794, Eli Whitney received a patent for the cotton gin. With a turn of a crank, this machine easily separated the seeds from the cotton. Now, instead of just one pound of cleaned in a day, 50 pounds could be cleaned of their seeds. The ease of cleaning cotton resulted in more fields placed into cotton production, increasing demands on the slavery system. In 1800, cotton represented a mere 7% of all U.S. exports. By 1840, some cotton represented 52% of goods exported from the United States.
4. Cotton Gin
5. The Industrial Revolution - Textiles The industrialization of the U.S. began around 1800 in New England, where coal and iron were plentiful. It was driven by a thriving textile industry in great Britain. Southern-grown cotton became a highly successful agricultural export to both G.B. and New England. Cotton production and growing textile industry helped to give the U.S. economic independence. In 1793, Samuel Slater built the first American textile mill in the U.S. Soon textile factories appeared along New England’s waterways.
6. U.S. Factory System Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry. Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day. Samuel Slater "Father of the American Factory System."
7. U.S. Factory System The LowellMills Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories. Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came to the U.S. to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody. Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YDNfW20zr4
8. The Lowell SystemLowell, Massachusetts, 1832 Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday
9. Early Textile Loom
10. The Steam Engine The steam engine provided the power for industrialization. Fueled by coal, steam locomotives and steamships moved people and products across great distances at faster speeds. Steam powered machinery was used in mining, farming, manufacturing, and transportation from the late 18th century to well into the 20th century.
11. Interchangeable Parts By the early 19th century, several inventors recognized the value of having interchangeable parts instead of parts made one at a time for individual machines. For example, in the early 1800s, inventor Eli Whitney demonstrated the use of interchangeable musket parts, resulting in a large musket contract for Whitney. Interchangeable parts became a key component of industrialization both in Europe and the United States.
12. Manifest Destiny Manifest destinyidea that the United States was ordained to expand to the Pacific Ocean. Some proponents of the idea even suggested that the country should absorb Canada, Mexico, and the nations of Central America and the Caribbean. The concept justified rapidly expanding white settlement throughout the mid to late 19th century. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLmUhT9QOlE
13. Manifest Destiny How does this painting represent the concept of Manifest Destiny?
14. Manifest Destiny In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. The federal gov’t est. the Indian territory (Oklahoma), planned for the removal of NA living east of the Miss. River, and set aside funds for housing, supplies, and farming tools for that purpose. By 1837, President Andrew Jackson had orchestrated the forced relocation of some 45,000 Native Americans to the west of the Mississippi River. Thousands of Cherokee died along the way in a journey that became known as the Trail of Tears. http://www.history.com/videos/jackson-cherokees-tariffs-and-nullification#jackson-cherokees-tariffs-and-nullification
15. Manifest Destiny Throughout the 1840s, thousands of people placed all they owned in covered wagons, hitched up their oxen, and trekked westward in search of fertile farm fields or gold hidden in the California hills. Some settled along America’s rivers and on its prairies. Many continued all the way to Oregon, walking long months until their journey ended. It was difficult journey, with many dangers along the way.
16. Manifest Destiny Many westward settlers believed in Manifest Destiny, the idea that America’s westward expansion was providential, or from divine inspiration. Towns grew along the westward routes to help supply settlers and gold miners. The 19th century is framed by armed conflict between westward settlers and Native Americans forced off their lands. VS
17. Results - Manifest Destiny Americans saw themselves, while divided on the issues of abolition and women’s rights, still united as a country, and proud of its accomplishments. They embraced the changes brought by industrialization, and were determined to reap the benefits of Manifest Destiny.
18. The Homestead Act of 1862 In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act. This law opened about 270 million acres west of the Mississippi River for unprecedented settlement by offering 160 acres of land to anyone willing to farm it for 5 yrs, or purchase it outright for $1.25 per acre after 6 months.
19. Abolitionism From the beginning of America’s fight for freedom, slavery caused division, especially between the North and the South. The Abolition Movement was the hope to bring an end to slavery.
20. Abolitionism A religious revival called the 2nd Great Awakening occurred in the 1820s. That became a spark for a major abolitionist mov’t that grew more intense during the 1830s. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison began to publish the Liberator from Boston. Many others prepared the North with additional antislavery literature.
21. Garrison Garrison advocated the immediate emancipation of all slaves. This was an unpopular view during the 1830s, even with northerners who were against slavery. What would become of all the freed slaves? Certainly they could not assimilate into American society, they thought. Garrison believed that they could assimilate. He believed that, in time, all blacks would be equal in every way to the country's white citizens. They, too, were Americans and entitled to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.“ Garrison soon gained a reputation for being the most radical of abolitionists. Still, his approach to emancipation stressed nonviolence and passive resistance, and he did attract a following. In 1832 he helped organize the New England Anti-Slavery Society, and, the following year, the American Anti-Slavery Society. These were the first organizations dedicated to promoting immediate emancipation. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html
22. Abolitionism The American Anti-Slavery Society, formed in 1833, denounced slavery as a sin and was instrumental in the mov’t to abolish slavery. In addition, speakers such as Frederick Douglass, Wendell Phillips, and Lucy Stone helped further the cause in the North. However, it was not until after the Civil War that slavery was abolished, with the passage of the 13th amendment. http://www.history.com/videos/abolition-and-the-underground-railroad#abolition-and-the-underground-railroad
23. Temperance Temperance, the belief that people should limit or eliminate the use of alcoholic beverages, became prevalent in the U.S. in the 1820s and ‘30s. Many, especially women, felt that excessive use of alcohol was partly to blame for family violence, crime, and poverty. By the 1850s, approximately twelve states had passed Prohibition. Carry Nation
24. Results of Temperance Mov’t By 1917, when the U.S. entered WWI, most Americans favored Prohibition. In 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act and then ratified the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibited people from manufacturing, selling, transporting, and importing or exporting “intoxicating liquors.” The 18th Amendment was overturned by the 21st Amendment, which ended Prohibition. The last state to repeal its own Prohibition law was Mississippi, in 1966.
25. Horace Mann and Education Reform Horace Mann was a 19th century reformer who believed in temperance, abolition, women’s rights, and reform of mental health instructions. His particular focus, however, was public education. Horace Mann was largely responsible for public schools as we know them today. Mann created public schools that were state funded and mandatory. He believed that too much local control of the schools meant unsatisfactory education, especially in rural areas. Mann also helped est. the first state run teacher training school.
26. Women’s Suffrage: The Seneca Falls Convention Until 1920, most women in the U.S. did not have suffrage, the right to vote. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a large assembly in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. They were partly inspired to organize when Mott was denied a seat at an antislavery meeting in London. Over 200 people, including Frederick Douglass, attended the meeting. They wrote and voted on the Declaration of Sentiments, calling for equal rights for women in education, property rights, and voting.
27. Women’s Suffrage: The Seneca Falls Convention The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.
28. Women’s Suffrage: The Seneca Falls Convention He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men-both natives and foreigners. Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. He has made her, of married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. -From the Declaration of Sentiments, 1848
29. Women’s Suffrage: The Seneca Falls Convention Eventually, 72 yrs of persistence led to the 19th Amendment, when women achieved the right to vote. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjYtacfcgPU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYQhRCs9IHM
30. Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams – Massachusetts Henry Clay – Kentucky William Crawford – Georgia Andrew Jackson - Tennessee
31. Election of 1824 – Corrupt Bargain Andrew Jackson – Tennessee Jackson wins the popular vote and the electoral vote, but is not the majority. Decision goes to the House of Representatives. Henry Clay – Speaker of the House John Quincy Adams – behind Jackson in popular votes and electoral votes. Henry Clay supports John Quincy Adams and Adams wins and becomes our 6th president. Adams appoints Clay Secretary of State
32. Tensions Between Adams & Jackson Adams was elected president by a majority of the states representatives in the House. Jacksonians claimed Adams has struck a corrupt bargain. The Jacksonians withdrew from the Republican Party to form the Democratic Republican Party (today’s Democratic Party)
33. Democracy & Citizenship Over the next 4 years, Jacksonians did what ever they could to sabotage Adam’s polices. Aware that many voters distrusted the national bank and disliked tariffs, Jacksonians opposed both.
34. John Quincy Adams1825 -1829 The 6th President of the U.S. Graduated from Harvard Lawyer Senator Father, John Adams, 2nd President
35. Election of 1828 John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson 1828 election – Jackson characterized Adams as an intellectual elitist, and himself as a man of humble origins. Jackson won by a landslide. Record numbers of people came to Washington to see “Old Hickory” inaugurated.
36. Andrew Jackson1829 - 1837 The 7th President of the U.S. 1st Territorial Governor of Florida U. S. Senator from Tennessee Never went to college Military Leader
37. Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian Democracy refers to the presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829-1837). In all, Jackson expanded the power of the presidency. Foremost was his encouragement for people from all social classes to become involved in government and to vote. He defied the U.S. Supreme Court in his decision to remove the Cherokee from Georgia. He took on the national bank, forcing its closure. He encouraged what became known as the “spoil system” where political support was rewarded with jobs in government.
38. Jackson’s Spoils System Jackson’s administration essentially practiced the spoils system of government. Saying- “To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy.” In the Spoils System, incoming officials throw out former appointees and replace them with their own friends.
39. Jacksonian Democracy The Democratic Party was created in 1828 by Jackson and his supporters to mobilize constituents ,which was established by Jackson's supporters and still exists today, was another important, political legacy of Andrew Jackson. Indian Removal Act http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/themes/indian_removal.html
40. Removal of Native Americans Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokees, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw. Cherokee – created their own formal government. (just like the U.S.) George Guess (Sequoya) – devised an alphabet, the tribe published it’s own bilingual newspaper.
41. Trail of Tears Cherokees teamed up with Samuel Austin Worchester. A missionary who had been jailed for teaching Indians without a state license. They knew the court would have to recognize a citizen’s right to be heard. The court ruled on Worcester v. Georgia in 1832.
42. Worchester v. Georgia Won all the rights that were due to them. The court recognized the Cherokee Nation as a distinct political community whose people Georgia was not entitled to regulate by law and whose lands Georgia was not entitled to invade. Jackson – “John Marshall had made his decision; now let him enforce it.”
43. John C. Calhoun Jackson’s vice-president – called the 1828 tariff a “Tariff of Abominations.” “A disgusting and loathsome tariff.” High tariff reduced British exports to America, Britain bought less cotton. With the decline of British goods, the South had to buy more expensive Northern manufactured goods.
44. Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights January 1830 – Tariff question & the underlying states’ right issue. Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina debates Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts. Hayne – “The measures of the federal government…will soon involve the whole South in irretrievable ruin.”
45. Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights Webster – “the union was for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people.” Once the debate ended the people wanted to hear Pres. Jackson’s position. “Our union: it must and shall be preserved.”
46. South Carolina Rebels 1832 – South Carolina declares the tariffs of 1828 & 1832 “unauthorized by the Constitution” and “null, void, and no law.” They threatened to secede or withdraw from the Union, if customs officials tried to collect taxes. Jackson was furious – he threatened to hang Calhoun and march federal troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff.
47. Force Bill Jackson urges Congress to pass the Force Bill in 1833, to allow the federal govt. to use army or navy against South Carolina if state authorities resisted paying proper duties. Henry Clay – forged a compromise in 1833 between all parties. This would gradually lower duties over a ten-year period.
48. Jackson attacks the National Bank (BUS) 1832 – vetoed a bill to recharter it. In Jackson’s eyes – the national bank symbolized Eastern wealth and power. He regarded the national bank as an agent of the wealthy, whose members cared nothing for Jackson’s common people. Hated the Bank of the United States
49. Pet Banks 1832 – Jackson told Martin Van Buren “The Bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it.” Pressured the Sec. of Treasury to withdraw all govt. deposits and place them in certain state banks called “pet banks.” Sec. of Treasury refused and Jackson replaced him.
50. Review Questions 1. What did the Homestead Act allow people to do? A. Own land in the western territories after 5 yrs of residence. B. Get assistance from the government to build a house in a new state. C. Move east of the Mississippi River. D. Travel on the Oregon Trail.
51. Review Questions 2. The concept of Manifest Destiny meant it was providential that American settlers… A. built railroads to encourage trade between regions. B. settle the U.S. from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. C. establish river towns to encourage the use of steam power. D. ban slavery in all new states entering the Union.
52. Review Questions 3. Who led reform of America’s public school system in the 1800s? A. Elizabeth Cady Stanton B. Andrew Jackson C. Eli Whitney D. Horace Mann
53. Review Questions 4. What characterized Jacksonian Democracy? A. abolition of slavery B. strengthening of states’ rights C. expansion of the powers of the presidency D. elimination of the spoils system
54. Whig Party 1834 – The discontented, including Henry Clay and Daniel Webster channeled their frustrations into action, they formed a new political party called the Whig party. Whigs were a group in Britain that tried to limit royal power, and Whig had come to mean anyone opposed to an excessively powerful chief executive.
55. Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren 8th President: 1837-1841 Jacksonian Democrat Forced to deal with the aftermath of Jackson Panic of 1837 U.S. govt only accepts gold and silver as money, no paper money Led to inflation, loss of jobs
56. Panic of 1837 Bank closings and the collapse of the credit system cost many people their savings, bankrupted hundreds of businesses, and put more than a third of the population out of work.
57. Election of 1840 Winner: William Henry Harrison These parties will last from 1830s to 1850s. William Henry Harrison the Whig candidate Vice President: John Tyler Campaign Slogan: “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” Log Cabin campaign Martin Van Buren the Jacksonian Democrat
58. 9thPresident William Henry Harrison9th President Whig Party – Group that broke away from Democratic-Republican. opposed a strong executive Gave longest inauguration speech Died of pneumonia 1 month later
59. Harrison and Tyler 1841 – Harrison won election, a month later dies of pneumonia. John Tyler - (vice-president) becomes president. Legacy of two parties: JacksonianDemocrats or Whigs, these parties held center stage from 1830s -1850s.
60. 10th President John Tyler Whig The Whig placed Tyler on the ballot to gain more votes in South (Virginia) Took over after the death of Harrison, never was expected to be Pres Problem for many Whigs: Actions of the Presidency closely relates to Democratic party and not Whig Party .
61. What was the invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery?
62. More questions… Write down all of the facts concerning the growth of slavery. What was the outcome of Nat Turner’s Rebellion? List the slave codes. List the accomplishments of Frederick Douglass and the Grimke Sisters. Describe the accomplishment of Harriet Tubman. What was the Fugitive Slave Law?
63. Growth of Slavery Total U.S. population was 3.5 million. 700,000 slaves in the U.S. at this time. Still bought slaves through the slave trade.
64. Growth of Slavery Total U.S. population was 18 million. 2 million slaves in the U.S. at this time. 1808, importation of slaves was illegal Slave trade within the U.S. Increase of slave population was from natural reproduction.
65. Growth of Slavery
66. Growth of Slavery King Cotton Cotton Belt 90% of Europe’s cotton came from the South by 1860
67. Southern Society Planters 8-10% Yeoman Farmers 90% Slaves
68. Federal SOUTHERN SOCIETY Southern society was similar to a Feudal system that existed in Europe during the Dark and Middle Ages…..(Manorial System) Caste system and difficult to move up the social ladder. Based on white supremacy and the slave was inferior. Plantation owners Aristocracy Upper class Owned some slaves. Achieve American Dream Middle ClassSmall farmers Owned no slaves….Hated white upper class…American Dream Poor Whites Free Blacks, 2nd class citizens No political or civil rights. Slaves---no rights, considered property
69. Chart: Total Deaths % OF SOUTHERN WHITE FAMILIES OWNING SLAVES IN 1860 % About 1,150,000 Southern white families owned no slaves---75% About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 slave or more---25% (Number of slaves) Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….
70. Picture/Cotton Kingdom FACTS ON SLAVERY No political or civil rights to protect slaves U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by 1860 U.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supply Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is immoral. Cotton is King/King Cotton South was not willing to change Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of the U.S.
71. Slavery Facts
72. Slave Rebellion Nat Turner’s Rebellion Aug 1831 An escaped VA slave who led a bloody rebellion that attack 4 plantations killing 70 white inhabitants Turner was captured and hanged More than 200 other blacks were killed Outcome: Led white Southerners to defend slavery and push for stronger legislation to be able to better control slaves http://www.history.com/videos/nat-turners-rebellion#nat-turners-rebellion
73. Note Nat Turner Rebellion Nat Turner, a slave owned by Joseph Travis of Southampton, Virginia, believed that he had been chosen by God to lead a slave rebellion. On 21st August, 1831, Turner and seven fellow slaves, murdered Travis and his family. Over the next two days and nights, Turner's band killed around 60 white people in Virginia. Turner had hoped that this action would cause a massive slave uprising but only 75 joined his rebellion. Over 3,000 members of the state militia were sent to deal with Turner's gang, and they were soon defeated. In retaliation, more than a hundred innocent slaves were killed. Turner went into hiding but was captured six weeks later. Nat Turner was executed on 11th November, 1831.
74. Nat Turner Rebellion Turner Arrested Turner and rebellion Tree Turner was hung from.
75. Slave Codes Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of slave laws/codes which restricted the movement of the slaves. Slaves were not taught to read or write Restricted to the plantation Slaves could not congregate after dark Slaves could not possess any type of firearm A larger slave plantation than white in some states Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave revolts and wanting to escape.
76. Pro Slavery Arguments Slaves needed white ownership Supported by Christianity Magnolia Myth It wasn’t “that bad” Life was like “Gone with the Wind”, Slaves enjoyed being slaves Happy Slave Myth Better to be an agrarian slave in the South, than an “industrial slave” in the North At least in the South you would be cared for…
77. Arguments for Slavery ARGUMENTS FOR SLAVERY Economically profitable Slavery was in the Bible Duty of Southerners to Christianize the slaves, Positive Good Provided a better life for slaves than in Africa, Positive Good 5th Amendment legalized and protected slavery because slaves were considered property.
78. Abolitionists ABOLITIONIST ARGUMENTS Abolitionists believed slavery was immoral…..Peculiar institution or it is odd, strange or weird to own another human being. Abolitionists argued slavery was immoral because it violated the ideals that this country was founded on. All men are created equal (DOI) If the U.S. was to succeed as a democratic society, slavery had to be abolished
79. Abolition Movement Abolition The movement to outlaw slavery William Lloyd Garrison From Mass Wrote the Liberator calling for immediate emancipation – freeing of slaves Frederick Douglass (http://www.history.com/videos/the-underground-railroad-frederick-douglass#the-underground-railroad-frederick-douglass ) Born as a slave in MD, escaped to NY Spoke out against slavery, publish a newspaper The North Star Sarah and Angela Grimke Daughters of SC slave-owner Teachers who led the female abolition movement Rallied women to “overthrew this horrible system of oppression and cruelty”
80. Grimke Sisters They were from a slaveholding family, but spoke out and wrote in support of abolition. The sisters became the first female representatives of the American Anti-Slavery Society to tour and speak to audiences of both men and women. They defended their rights as women to free speech from within the abolitionist movement.
81. Other Resistances Harriet Tubman, Moses of her people. Led over 300 escaped slaves out of the South during the 1850’s. $40,000 bounty was placed on her head Conductor of the Underground Railroad (http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/harriet-tubman-and-the-underground-railroad#harriet-tubman-and-the-underground-railroad ) Supplied money from abolitionists.
82. Other Resistances
83. Fugitive Slave Law Fugitive Slave Lawwas made law at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 as a compromise between the North/South. Any escaped slaves captured in the North or free state had to be returned to their plantation owner. Unpopular in the North and led to the creation of the Underground Railroad. Southerners became bitter towards the North because they refused to enforce it.
84. Fugitive Slave Law
85. Other Resistances FOLLOW THE DRINKING GOURD Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd The riverbank will make a very good road, The dead trees show you the way, Left foot, peg foot, traveling on, Follow the drinking gourd Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd The river ends between two hills, Follow the drinking gourd, There’s another river on the other side, Follow the drinking gourd. Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd Where the great big river meets the little river, Follow the drinking gourd, The old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd.
86. Abolitionists Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abolitionist, authored the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin Book was used as propaganda to show the inhumanity of slavery. Southerners were enraged by this book and called it “lies”.
87. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, is published. The novel sold 300,000 copies within three months and was so widely read that when President Abraham Lincoln met Stowe in 1862, he reportedly said, "So this is the little lady who made this big war." While living in Cincinnati, Stowe encountered fugitive slaves and the Underground Railroad. Later, she wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in reaction to recently tightened fugitive slave laws. The book had a major influence on the way the American public viewed slavery.
88. America Moves West Manifest Destiny pushed America Westward Technology leads the way Robert Fulton (1807) – Steam engine Samuel Morse’s invention of the telegraph in 1837 increases communication John Deere invents the steel plow in 1837 Railroads become more prevalent in the 1840s and 1859s Provides transportation and shipping inland
89. America Moves West Santa Fe Trail Led settlers from Missouri to New Mexico First to travel to Mexico
90. America Moves West Oregon Trail Missouri to Oregon
91. 11th President James K. Polk James K. Polk, Democrat President from 1845 to 1849 Responsible for the Manifest Destiny Expansionist Acquired the Oregon Territory from Great Britain in 1846 54’, 40’ or Fight 49th Parallel US and Britain peacefully split the territory in 1846
92. Texas Independence 1835- Americans living in region known as Texas rebelled against General Santa Anna and attacked his men in San Antonio – Mexican troops surrendered but attacked later in the Battle of the Alamo (187 Texans dead Alamo was a loss for the Texans but would always “Remember the Alamo” On April 21, 1836 Santa Anna was captured and Texas was now independent Texas was annexed in 1845 – MEXICO WAS MAD!  Mexican American War
93. Texas Independence Texans led by Stephen F. Austin Santa Anna – Leader of the Mexican forces Davy Crockett – killed at the Alamo Sam Houston – General at the Battle of San Jacinto
94. Texas Independence
95. War with Mexico (1846-1848) Mexico is furious over the annexation of TX and recalls its ambassador 1845 President James K. Polk sends a rep. from the US to discuss the Southern border of TX and buying California & New Mexico Mexican President refuses to meet with him Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to march to Texas to secure the boarder Wilmot Proviso 1846 – prohibited slavery in lands that might be gained from Mexico Arose over the debate on whether to go to war or not Changed the debate to one over slavery; thus further separating the North and South Angered Southerners b/c below the Missouri Compromise line
96. War with Mexico (1846-1848) John C. Fremont led a company into Cali Mexico has enough and sends in army that led to a skirmish Polk persuades Congress to declare war with Mexico US troops under the command of Taylor and Winfield Scott Captains Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant Polk cuts a deal with Santa Anna to make him President if he ends the war Santa Anna turns on Polk extending the war US win after the battles of Veracruz and Mexico City
97. War with Mexico (1846-1848) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Feb 2, 1848 Rio Grande becomes border California and New Mexico Territories (including NM, CA, NV, UT, AZ, CO, & WY) are ceded to the US for $15 million Guaranteed Mexicans freedom of religion protection of property, bilingual elections and open boarders Increased the size of US by 1/3
98. America Moves West California Gold Rush Began Jan of 1848 Population boomed as prospectors flooded to Cali to find gold San Francisco – Pop in 1848 – 1000; 1850 – 35,000 Prospectors known as 49ers By 1849 Cali had large enough population to apply for statehood Created a constitution outlawing slavery Debate over Cali joining the Union because fierce
99. Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay once again develops a compromise Hoped to settle all questions in controversy between the free and slave states, growing out of the subject of slavery. Conditions: California be admitted to the Union as a Free State More strict fugitive slave law Allowed for New Mexico and Utah to decide for themselves whether to be free or slave under popular sovereignty Will lead to future problems Paid Texas $20 million for New Mexico Banned slave trade, but not slavery in DC
100. Compromise of 1850 John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster support the bill Senate still rejects Senator Stephen A. Douglas splits the bill into parts and passes each separate Opposition removed Calhoun dies and many radical Southerners come more to the middle President Zachary Taylor dies in office and the new President Millard Fillmore, a supporter of the bill, takes office Many thought this would be the end of the slavery issue, but it is just the beginning
101. America: The Story of Us - Division What did the Fugitive Slave Law mean for blacks in the U.S.? Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? Why does John Brown kill over the issue of slavery? What does John Brown attack and what is his goal in attacking? Who was in charge of the Marines that captured John Brown at Harper’s Ferry?
102. Southern states believed they had the right to self-govern to protect their: Economic interests Voting rights in Congress Right to freedom of speech Trade relations within the U.S.
103. 2. Disagreement over which political party fueled the Nullification Crisis? Tariffs States’ rights Slavery Voting rights
104. 3. What was the result of the slave rebellion of Nat Turner? Abolition The Wilmot Proviso The Missouri Compromise Greater restrictions on slaves