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Cold War in the Media

Cold War in the Media. Background. The Campaign of Truth was started under Truman. “objective-sounding news” to “propaganda in its most obvious form” Quote from Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Edward W. Barrett believed that the Campaign of Truth:

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Cold War in the Media

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  1. Cold War in the Media

  2. Background • The Campaign of Truth was started under Truman. • “objective-sounding news” to “propaganda in its most obvious form” • Quote from Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Edward W. Barrett believed that the Campaign of Truth: • “We’ve got to extend and develop this Campaign of Truth. This is the weapon that has the firepower to pierce the Iron Curtain. This is the weapon that has the explosive force to rip the camouflage from the Soviet position and reveal it as it truly is – a stronghold of reaction and imperialism.”

  3. Background cont. • "father of containment" George F. Kennan • In 1948 he served as head of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff and developed a plan for "organized political warfare" against communism • In western Europe, the CIA conducted a secret program of cultural and ideological propaganda through the Congress for Cultural Freedom, a purportedly private, but CIA-funded, organization that supported the work of anti-communist liberals.

  4. Background cont. • UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization) was paying more attention to American interests. • The growth of television in particular was looked at heavily when deciding how to proceed with psychological warfare as it had different “potentials” than radio, film, or print. • During the “TV Freeze” in 1948 until ‘52, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) stopped granting new television licenses as television was not as controllable as the other three mediums.

  5. Background cont. • Eventually European nations like Britain agreed that a unified television network was more a matter of national security. • The Soviets had their own TV network “behind the Iron Curtain”. • The Space Race was now also about gaining an advantage for communications satellites. • The 1967 Outer Space Treaty granted the peaceful use of space.

  6. Propaganda • Black, white, and gray propaganda • Black- Broadcasts from fake stations to undermine and disrupt, Lies may be used if effective • White- News, information, argument, veracity is important • Gray- propaganda from unidentified sources, to confuse

  7. Propaganda cont. • American Cold War propaganda was anti-Soviet and anti-communist • Communists were bloodthirsty, evil, and the source of the world’s problems • “The Atomic Café” http://media1.shmoop.com/media/images/large/cold-war-propaganda.gif http://www.designer-daily.com/10-amazing-cold-war-propaganda-posters-2901

  8. Entertainment • Television and radio were used to spread informational videos • The Daisy Ad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDTBnsqxZ3k • Wendy’s commercial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb8MVQTHCcE • Radio programs were broadcast around the world and in multiple languages.

  9. Books https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSAdg6knszI4y1-OlXxO2xQmc1OU50cF1xw2bPBnHTj8KzPxXnj0w • Almost anything to do with espionage or war • Bourne • We Were Soldiers Once… And Young • Orwell • Animal Farm (1945) • 1984 (1949) • Comic books • Captain America • Red Skull (the third) http://kirbymuseum.org/blogs/simonandkirby/archives/category/topic/captain-america-topic

  10. Movies • Pretty much any spy or war movie • Bond • Red Dawn (the original one) • Stripes • Born on the Fourth of July https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQdC2UvLDzVnwsFrOMn8NAkIiHOK3iK2i1OuHxgGGIMP0TlggkKdQ https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQrpQuQXM7uGj4NSxiRYLqCv8avynPs40OGVTC5cd15_CLjS9ue

  11. TV and Plays • “The Crucible” by Arthur Miller • McCarthyism • Hollywood blacklist • Wrestling • Sgt Slaughter vs. Iron Sheik • The Super Powers • I Spy • China Beach • Scarecrow and Mrs. King • M*A*S*H (more on the next slide) http://www.wwe.com/f/styles/superstar_bio/public/talent/bio/2012/01/sgt-slaughter-bio.png http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQKYje-fPGzFIVvu6AUXwWwdN8j7fYCpeRvmorrvaOrCi4F0m7Rqw

  12. M*A*S*H (a.k.a. one of the best shows ever. No, really, it’s on the top 20 list in terms of ratings and everything.) • Premiered in 1972, the final episode was in 1983 • The final episode is one of the most viewed television programs ever, only recently losing the overall title to the Super Bowl (still is the most watched television episode). • Set in a MASH unit in Korea during the Korean Conflict around a group of Army doctors • Korea and Vietnam

  13. Music • Bob Dylan • Wrote songs about the Cold War, Civil Rights, and other social issues. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orlE6bVKzE0 (2:20-4:08) • The Beatles • Billy Joel • “We Didn’t Start the Fire” references events from the 40s through the 80s

  14. Olympics • Boycotts • Americans (and other countries) 1980 • Soviet Union (and others) 1984 • Miracle on Ice (1980) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYscemhnf88 • Mary Lou Retton (1984) • Magnificent Seven • 1996, but it was the first Russian defeat (in gymnastics) since the 50s • Kerri Strug

  15. Other • There was a spike in the popularity of space toys because of the Space Race. • Beatniks

  16. Modern Day • Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull • X-men: First Class • Salt • The remake of Red Dawn (well, a lot of remakes really)

  17. QUIZ TIME!(A half sheet of paper will be fine. You don’t need to write in complete sentences.) • What propaganda campaign was started under Truman? • Who was the “father of containment”? • Name one reason why television was important/problematic. • What famous political advertisement was only aired once? • Which book is considered one of the most important war history novels? There are more questions on the next slide.

  18. QUIZ cont.(These should be 6-10…) • Explain the Hollywood blacklist. • What was significant about the wrestling tag-team “The Super Powers”? • What is one way M*A*S*H reflected opinions on the Korean Conflict and Vietnam War? • Name Olympic two sports that were symbolically important against the Soviets. • The Magnificent Seven weren’t until 1996; explain how they are still relevant to the Cold War.

  19. Obscure Extra Credit Questions(I know not all of these answers were not in the presentation; I thought they’d be fun anyway.) • Which two characters are the only two to be in every season of M*A*S*H? • Name a country that did not compete during both Olympic boycotts in the 80s. (Doesn’t necessarily mean they were participating in the boycott.) • What computer game is this guy from? Hint: This is the main character.

  20. Bibliography • Special thanks to my family • Barrett, E. W. (1951). The campaign of truth. Export Manager's Club, pp. 3-5. Retrieved from http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/GerRecon /omg1951Jan/reference/history.omg1951jan.barrettcampaign.pdf • Loader, J., Rafferty, K., & Rafferty, P. (Producers/Directors). (1982). The Atomic Cafe [Motion picture]. United States: Libra Films. • Massey, K. (n.d.). "Freeze" of 1948. Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://www.museum.tv/ eotvsection.php?entrycode=freezeof1 • Propaganda cold war. (2012). Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/O-W/Propaganda-Cold-war.html • Schwosh, J. (2002, May). Crypto-convergence, media, and the cold war: The early globalization of television networks in the 1950s. Paper presented at Media In Transition Conference. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/cms/Events/mit2/Abstracts/MITSchwochTV.pdf

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