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Chapter 28 Notes

Chapter 28 Notes. Our Solar System. Our Solar System. The Inner Planets (and Pluto). All the Planets (and Pluto). The Planets and the Sun (and Pluto). Formation of the Solar System. Nebular Theory: Interstellar cloud contracts and spins Dense center begins nuclear fusion (sun)

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Chapter 28 Notes

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  1. Chapter 28 Notes Our Solar System

  2. Our Solar System

  3. The Inner Planets (and Pluto)

  4. All the Planets (and Pluto)

  5. The Planets and the Sun (and Pluto)

  6. Formation of the Solar System • Nebular Theory: • Interstellar cloud contracts and spins • Dense center begins nuclear fusion (sun) • Remaining material forms planetesimals and then planets

  7. Historical Solar System Models • Geocentric (Earth-centered) model • One problem was how to explain retrograde motion • Copernicus’ heliocentric model • 1543, Polish scientist • Planets (including Earth) orbit the Sun in circular orbits • Supporting evidence collected by Tycho Brahe

  8. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion • Johannes Kepler inherited Tycho’s data after his unexpected death.

  9. Galileo • First person to use a telescope to observe the sky • Discovered moons orbiting Jupiter • Also observed sun spots, phases of Venus, and Moon craters

  10. Newton and Gravity • Newton’s discovery of the law of universal gravitation provided an explanation for the heliocentric model of the solar system

  11. Zone 1: Inner Planets • Terrestrial: “Earth-like” • Small • Composed of rock (high density) • Close to the Sun • Few or no moons • No rings

  12. Mercury • Smallest • Closest to the Sun • No moons • No atmosphere • Cratered like the Moon • 1 orbit = 1.5 rotations (2 years = 3 days)

  13. Venus • No moons • Earth’s “twin” in size • Rotates backwards • 1 day = 243 Earth days • Very high CO2 concentration in the atmosphere causes super greenhouse effect • Surface temperature of 464C!! • Can be seen as a bright morning or evening “star”

  14. Earth • One moon • Tectonically active • O2 in atmosphere • Water exists in all 3 phases • Mild greenhouse effect to keep the planet warm enough for life

  15. Mars • The red planet • CO2 atmosphere • 2 moons (Phobos and Deimos) • Has seasons like Earth, but a year is twice as long • Largest volcano in the solar system: Olympus Mons • Once had liquid water, has polar CO2 ice caps

  16. Outer Planets • Gas giants or “Jovian”: Jupiter-like • Large • Low density • Lots of moons • All have ring systems • Far from the Sun

  17. Jupiter • Largest planet • Banded appearance • Great red spot • Faint ring system • 4 large moons, more than 60 total • Rapid rotation (10 hours = 1 day); shortest day of all the planets

  18. Saturn • Famous for ring system • More than 55 moons • Density lower than water • Largest moon, Titan, has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane • Another moon, Enceladus, shows evidence of geologic activity

  19. Uranus • Discovered in 1781 • Rotational axis is 98 • At least 27 moons • Rings are dark and nearly invisible • Appears blue because of the way it reflects light

  20. Neptune • Discovered 1846 • 13 moons • Distinctive clouds and belts • Predicted before it was discovered • 6 rings composed of dust particles • Largest moon, Triton, orbits backwards

  21. Other Solar System Objects • Dwarf planets • Asteroids • Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) • Comets (the Oort cloud)

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