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Lecture 28 Notes

Lecture 28 Notes. URBANIZATION ( pgs. 292-313) urbanization : process by which towns & cities grow & become more densely populated (Fig. 13.6.1, pg. 304) * there is an increase in both percentage & numbers of people

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Lecture 28 Notes

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  1. Lecture 28 Notes

  2. URBANIZATION (pgs. 292-313) urbanization: process by which towns & cities grow & become more densely populated (Fig. 13.6.1, pg. 304) * there is an increase in both percentage & numbers of people living in urban settlements, in both the U.S. and the world What’s an “urban area” vs a “rural area”? according to the U.S. Census Bureau: urban: an “ urban area” consists of territory , persons, & housing units in places of 2,500 or more persons incorporated as cities, villages, boroughs (except in Alaska & New York), & towns (except in the six New England States, New York, & Wisconsin), but excluding the rural portions of “extended cities.”

  3. rural: “rural” constitutes those places not classified as “urban” * rural farm: households on farms or places from which $1000+ of agricultural products are sold/year * rural non-farm: housing, but with no agricultural activity; can include single-family housing or subdivisions without nearby commercial activity Or areas with no housing or human settlement

  4. urbanized area: comprises one or more places (“central place”) & the adjacent densely (1000 persons/sq mile) settled surrounding territory (“urban fringe”) that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons metropolitan statistical area (MSA): a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, & some of the adjacent counties EX: Atlanta, or Chicago (Figs. 13.6.1 to 13.7.1, pg. 304-306)

  5. urbanized area: comprises one or more places (“central place”) & the adjacent densely (1000 persons/sq mile) settled surrounding territory (“urban fringe”) that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons metropolitan statistical area (MSA): a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, & some of the adjacent counties EX: Atlanta, or Chicago consolidated MSA (CMSA): 2 or more adjacent MSAs with overlapping commuting patterns EX: New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island (Figs. 13.6.1 to 13.7.1, pg. 304-306) * sometimes several MSAs or CMSAs may be called a megalopolis such as from Boston to Washington, DC (Boswash or Bosnywash) (Fig. 13.6.2, pg. 305)

  6. city: an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit town: smaller than a city, but larger than a village; often incorporated, but not always village: smaller than a town, but bigger than a hamlet; usually not incorporated hamlet: a small village; not incorporated

  7. The growth in urbanization in the U.S.: 1900 1950 Urban Rural Urban Rural U.S. 40% 60% 64% 36% Georgia 16% 84% 45% 55% 1990 1790 Urban Rural Urban Rural U.S. 75% 25% 5% 95% Georgia 63% 37% * The U.S. became more urban(>50%) by 1920, while Georgia didn’t reach that level until 1960.

  8. Lecture 29 Notes

  9. EVOLUTION of CITIES (pgs. 286-287) * With the rise of agriculture some 11,000-10,000 years ago, came permanent settlements, but it was a few thousand years before cities emerged, ~ 7000-5000 years before present (Figs. 12.9.1 to 12.9.4, pg. 286-287) * cities developed with the development of stratified societies, where the population is divided into a hierarchy of social classes, or specialized groups (priests, soldiers, merchants, etc.) * the state and the city developed together (city-state), one particular city often becoming an organizational focus of the state

  10. * 2 aspects of the early cities were important, has they often still are today: Location: * usually near the best farmlands * near an abundant freshwater supply, usually a lake or river * near trade routes, either land or water * in a defensible position Function: * early administration/government; decision making, or power base * exchange/sale of agricultural products & other goods; marketplace; economics * religious activities * anchors of culture & society

  11. Early cities were not “large”. Those of Mesopotamia & the Nile Valley, some of the earliest known (~5000-7000 YBP), contained ~10,000-15,000 inhabitants. (Figs. 12.9.1 to 12.9.4, pg. 286-287) The idea of “cities” started in these areas and spread to other adjacent areas, such as Crete, where the city of Knossos, was the center of the Minoan civilization; And by ~ 600-500 B.C. the Greeks had expanded to a network of some 500 cities & towns; Athens was the largest, ~ 250,000 By most accounts the best development of the city was in Greece & later the Roman Empire. The Romans not only expanded & developed their cities beyond what others had done, they greatly expanded the transportation links between them. For Rome & Europe, the fall of the Roman Empire put a hiatus on the further development of cities in this area.

  12. Cities were also developing in China, India, Africa, & Central America. * In China, Xian had become the Rome of East Asia a center of expanding Chinese empires. * In West Africa, Timbuktu had become a major city of trade government, education, & religion by 1350. * Urban growth was also occurring in Central America, especially among the Mayans in the Yucatan & the Aztecs in central Mexico. The city of Tenochtitlán (Aztecs) may have had more than 200,000 inhabitants during the 1300 & 1400's.

  13. Back in Europe, cities began a “rebirth” especially during the Crusades. The Dark Ages (500-1000 A.D.) were over, the Renaissance was beginning & cities grew. They were still relatively small, by the middle 15th century (1400's) London had 80,000, and Paris 120,000. By 1800 London had a little fewer than 1 million, & Paris 670,000.

  14. With the Industrial Revolution, populations & cities especially, began to grow at a much quicker pace. The larger the city, the more diverse. Smaller towns & villages were more one-dimensional, functioning primarily if not only as an agricultural center. This is still true today, especially in less developed countries. (Figs. 12.9.5 & 12.9.6, pg. 287) Today the world runs the spectrum from small villages or hamlets to the MSAs of New York(~20 million), Tokyo(~35), Mexico City(29.6), Seoul(22.4), Sao Paulo(20.1).

  15. Lecture 30 Notes

  16. URBAN PATTERNS & STRUCTURE (pgs. 296-297) Urban Pattern: the location of cities across a country or state; where are they located for various sizes or functions * refer back to our discussion on Central Place Theory & Christaller’s work on this topic (Fig. 12.3.1, pg. 274) * can also view patterns in terms of other criteria: Rank-Size Rule: it states that the 2nd largest city of a country will be ½ the size (population) of the largest city, & that the 3rd largest will be 1/3 the size, & the 4th largest will be 1/4 the size of the largest, & so on. (Figs. 12.3.2 & 12.3.3, pg. 275) * it also relates the idea that most countries or states have only 1 very large city or megacity, a few large cities, more smaller cities or towns, & a lot of small towns or villages

  17. EX: in the U.S. the largest city is New York (20 million in the MSA) 2nd is Los Angeles (12.9) 3rd is Chicago (9.5) & Washington-Baltimore (8) Dallas-Ft. Worth (6.4), San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose (6.1), Philadelphia( 5.8), Houston (5.7), Miami (5.4), Boston(4.5), Detroit (4.4), Atlanta has ~ 5.5 million population (All of the above figures are July 1st, 2009 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau.)

  18. 2) Function: some patterns are the result of a cities dominate • function or perhaps a specialized function • (Figs. 12.7.1 to 12.7.4, pg. 282-283) • * manufacturing, or service, or a combination of these • * education, government centers, resorts, etc • Urban Structure:how a city is shaped & the internal layout or the • location of the various activities & people within the city. • Several models of urban structure have been proposed, we will • examine 4-5 of them here. • (Figs. 13.2.1 to 13.2.8, pg. 296-297)

  19. ** Classic Models of Urban Structure (3) Concentric Zone Model: social groups & economic activities are arranged in concentric rings or zones (Fig. 13.2.1, pg. 296) * from the center outward: Central Business Districtwhere non-residential activities are concentrated, Zone of Transition, industry & poorer-quality housing, Zone of Independent Workers’ Homes, area occupied by modest older homes of the blue-collar workers, Zone of better or Middle-class Residences, newer & more spacious, Commuter’s Zone or Suburban Ring

  20. Sector Model: a city is divided into & grows in a series of sectors (like the wedges of a pie) & not rings (Fig. 13.2.4, pg. 297) * 7 sectors identified: a circular Core (essentially the CBD), High-, Intermediate-, & Low-Rent Residential sectors, Education & Recreation sector, Transportation sector, Industrial sector

  21. Multiple Nuclei Model: a city which includes more than one center or node around which activities revolve (Fig. 13.2.6, pg. 297) * some activities are attracted to particular nodes while avoiding other nodes EX: a university may attract well-educated residents, pizzerias, & bookstores, while an airport may attract hotels & warehouses OR, rarely do heavy industry & high-class housing exist in the same node or neighborhood

  22. These models are not perfect & considered by many to be too simplistic & fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to locate where they do. All 3 were based on conditions in the US between WWI & WWII, so critics contend they do not reflect current urban patterns of growth & change. BUT, a combination of these models can be helpful in explaining where different people live within a city & the location of the various economic activities.

  23. Other Models proposed: Peripheral Model: an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential & business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road (Fig. 13.9.1, pg. 310) * may also have highway network linking the inner city with the edge cities on the periphery A variation of the Peripheral Model is called the Urban Realms Model. These last two better reflect the pattern of growth of cities since WWII. EX: Los Angeles, Atlanta

  24. Lecture 31 Notes

  25. URBANIZATION: U.S. & WORLD EXAMPLES (pg. 288-289) U. S. cities:most follow one of the models discussed earlier; concentric zones, sector , multiple nuclei, peripheral, or urban realm * all have a CBD; a few may have more than one “downtown” or functional business districts or nodes * The larger the city is, the more complex it is, and the more likely the city is to have multiple “primary” economic activities * those cities that have seen the majority of their growth since ~1930’s, have a more “spacious” structure to them; they are more spread out

  26. * lower-income families tend to live toward the middle of the city, inner-city, while middle & higher-income families live further from the center, on the periphery, or the suburbs (Figs. 13.8.1 to 13.8.4, pg. 308-309) * many cities are not only economically segregated, but ethnically segregated as well (in either case it is not by law, but more by choice, or at least behavior)

  27. Latin American cities:often a combination of concentric zone & sector models (Figs. 13.5.1 to 13.5.6, pg. 302-303) * central CBD often split between a traditional market sector & modern high-rise sector * disamenity sectors often exist: a relatively unchanging poverty-stricken slum area known as barrios or favelas * also a periférico ring or lower-income housing exists on the periphery of the city ** major difference from U.S. cities: lower-income families live out away from the CBD, not in the “inner-city” or “downtown” area(Fig. 13.5.3, pg. 303)

  28. African & Southwest Asia cities: similar to cities in other LDC’s or developing countries * central CBD with rings &/or sectors of activity out from that * market sector adjacent to the CBD * usually the lower-income neighborhoods are near the industrial sectors

  29. Southeast Asian & Asian cities: also a combination of concentric • zones & sectors or nodes of economic activity • * segregated by income similar to Latin cities • * most are a combination of local & European patterns because • of European colonialism

  30. European cities:older than U.S. cities, often with more prominent “historic sections” (Figs. 13.4.1 to 13.4.7, pg. 300-301) * many have “Greenbelts” that ring the city, causing suburbs to be located even further out * often the high-income families live in these “suburbs” * most tend to be more compact than U.S. cities, people taking advantage of mass transit more so than in the U.S. * many cities in the old “communist bloc” were arranged in microdistrictsor neighborhoods where the apartment buildings, workplace, schools, etc were all together within easy, short traveling distance; most everyone who worked for a particular factory would live near the factory, something like a “factory town” within a city

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