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1960 Election: JFK vs. Nixon, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK's Assassination, LBJ's Great Society

This chapter covers the 1960 election between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, the role of religion and TV debates, JFK's presidency, including domestic and foreign policies, the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK's assassination, and the Great Society programs implemented by Lyndon B. Johnson.

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1960 Election: JFK vs. Nixon, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK's Assassination, LBJ's Great Society

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  1. Chapter 28 Notes

  2. Election of 1960 • Richard Nixon (Republicans) • VP Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr • John F. Kennedy (Democrats) • VP Lyndon B. Johnson • Role of Religion • JFK a Catholic • Role of TV debates • JFK wins (close election)

  3. John F. Kennedy • Youngest president ever ELECTED (43) • “Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country” • Youth of America • Camelot • Young Cabinet

  4. “New Frontier” • Domestic Programs: • Hard time because up against Republican and Southern Democrats • Wanted many reforms, • Medical care for aged, aid education, build up urban poor and Wanted to help economy with use of deficit spending (not passed) • Did get passed: • House Rules Committee expanded • Tariff Reductions • Increased defense spending • Increased minimum wage (1.25 per hour) • Extended Unemployment insurance. • Foreign Policy: • Peace Corps • Alliance for Progress (focus on Latin America)

  5. Race to the Moon • April 12, 1961 USSR cosmonaut (Yuri Gargrin) first human in space • US sees this as a challenge and does same thing less than one month later (Alan B. Shepard) • First man on the moon • July 20, 1969 • Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

  6. Rumblings in Europe • JFK and NK met 1961 • 1961 Berlin Wall construction begins • “Iron Curtain” • Symbol of Cold War • Western Europe doing MUCH better, Thanks Marshall Plan! • Trade Expansion Act

  7. Foreign Problems and Solutions • Change to “Flexible Response” not “massive retaliation” • Robert McNamara • Problems with this: • If we get in how do we get out? • Green Berets

  8. Bay of Pigs Invasion • CIA trains Cuban exiles with goal of invading Cuba and getting people to rebel against Castro (March 1960) • JFK only learns of plan 9 days after his election (he approves it to continue) • April 17, 1961 (1300-1500 Cuban exiles land on Bay of Pigs • After that nothing goes as planned (CIA reports success) • Cuban troops were ready for the US attack

  9. Conclusion • US was disgraced, looked like “fools” to the world • JFK was blamed • JFK negotiates with Castro for release of troops, pays ransom of $35 million in food and medical supplies • US promises to return • Aid from USSR to Cuba increases

  10. Cuban Missile Crisis--stop • October 1961 • Aerial photos show that USSR was putting nuclear missiles in Cuba • US does not like this, too close for comfort • US chooses to impose a naval blockade • NK says he will go past it • 13 days of tension (very close to nuclear war!) • Eventually NK backs down • Deal: • USSR removes missiles • US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey and not invade Cuba • Beginnings of detente

  11. Death of Kennedy • Nov 22, 1963 • JFK was in Dallas, Texas for meeting with Democrat Party of Texas • Riding in an open car in downtown Dallas, parade with Gov John Connally, his wife Nellie, and Jackie Kennedy • Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald • Nation Shocked!

  12. Reactions • LBJ sworn in a president (Jackie was there) • Nov 24, 1963, Oswald shot by Jack Ruby (on live tv) • Not everyone believed gov’ts answer to JFK shooting • Warren Commission • Says Oswald acted alone • 1979 Recommission says Oswald part of a greater conspiracy • Grassy Knoll • Cuba link • Mafia link, etc

  13. Lyndon Baines Johnson • Signed Civil Rights Act started by JFK • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) • “Great Society” • War on Poverty

  14. Election of 1964 • LBJ (Democrat) vs Barry Goldwater (Rep) • Goldwater against Johnson’s programs, “extreme” conservative • Aug 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution • Goldwater and Nukes • LBJ wins! So do Democrats in Congress (yay for GS programs)

  15. Great Society • War on Poverty increases • Creation of DOT and HUD • Robert C. Weaver • Four Main areas of GS: • Education • Project Head Start • Medical Care • Medicare/Medicaid • Immigration Reform • Immigration and Nationality Act • Voting Rights • Voting Rights Act 1965 • 24th amendment

  16. The Warren Court • Chief Justice Earl Warren • Period of “liberal” court rulings: banned prayer in public schools, declared state-required loyalty oaths unconstitutional, limited the power of communities to censor books and films, said that free speech included arm bands of students protesting the Vietnam war, reapportionment, and rights of the accused.

  17. Big Landmark Cases • 1954 Brown vs the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas • One person one Vote: • Baker v Carr (1962) • Reynolds v Sims (1964) • Rights of the Accused: • Mapp v Ohio • Gideon v Wainwright • Escobedo v Illinois • Miranda v Arizona

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