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Neutrino hot dark matter and hydrodynamics of structure formation: Two “new” features of matter

Neutrino hot dark matter and hydrodynamics of structure formation: Two “new” features of matter. Dr. Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen Institute for Theoretical Physics University of Amsterdam. Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 22 Jan 2010. Outline. Two types of dark matter.

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Neutrino hot dark matter and hydrodynamics of structure formation: Two “new” features of matter

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  1. Neutrino hot dark matter and hydrodynamics of structure formation:Two “new” features of matter Dr. Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen Institute for Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of Amsterdam Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 22 Jan 2010

  2. Outline Two types of dark matter A modeling of lensing in Abell 1689 Mass, properties, name of DM particle Dark matter condensation on cluster; reionization Galactic dark matter: Gravitational hydrodynamics

  3. The two types of dark matter • Total mass of Universe: 4-5% baryons, 20-25 % dark matter, • 70-75% dark energy • Galactic dark mater: Oort 1931Detected by rotation curves, dwarf galaxies • MACHOs: Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects: Hydrodynamics: Milli Brown Dwarfs consisting of baryons • Cluster dark matter: Zwicky 1932Detected from rotation curves, by lensing • WIMPs Weakly Interacting Massive Particles • The dark matter of galaxy clusters is non-baryonic. • Not MACHOs or WIMPs but MACHOs and WIMPs !!

  4. Abell 1689 galaxy cluster • Nearby z = 0.184 • Total mass • Luminous mass • Baryon poor • Einstein ring

  5. Incomplete Einstein ring at 100/h kpc Abell 1689 Center Dark matter acts as crystal ball

  6. Abell 1689X-rayemitting gasT=10 keV =1.16 10^8 KThreecomponents:Dark matterGalaxies Gas

  7. Hubble, after last repair May 2009 • Galaxycluster • Abell 370 • Strongest • gravitation lens: • 20 times stronger than A1689

  8. Cowsik&McClelland 1973 Treumann,Kull&Bohringer 2000 Nieuwenhuizen 2009 Theory • Assume that DM comes from non-interacting fermions in their common gravitational potential • Mass m, degeneracy g; g = 2 (2s+1) #families • Isothermal model for fermions • Isothermal model for Galaxies and X-ray gas • Virial equilibrium: • 30% solar metallicity

  9. Fit to A1689 lensing data of Tyson and Fischer ApJ 1995Limousin et al, ApJ 2007averageprojectedmass radius

  10. The mass of the dark matter particle small statistical error 2% reduced Hubble parameter Previous estimates and searches: keV, MeV, GeV, TeV: excluded Additional CDM component: excluded = number of available modes in cluster

  11. What is the dark matter particle? The dark matter fraction Early decouplers have small g:Not gravitinos, neutralinos, X-inos Not bosons, e.g. axions Match possible to WMAP5 for =12 (anti) neutrinos, left+right-handed, 3 families: g = 2*2*3=12 mass = 1.45 eV Neutrino oscillations cause small mass differences, 0.001 eV or less SuperNovae Riess 09: h=0.74, Macrolensing: h=0.65

  12. Neutrinos in the cluster Thermal length visible to the eye Temperature is low Smaller than would-be momentum temperature T_p=1.95 K Larger than would-be energy temperature T_E=0.0001 K Typical speed is non-relativistic, v = 490 km/s Local density can be enormous: in Abell center: one billion in a few cc

  13. The biggest quantum structure in the Universe normalized density: # neutrinos per cubic thermal wavelength per degree of freedom N>1: quantum degenerate nu’s N=1: quantum-to-classical crossover at r = 505 kpc = 1.6 million light year d = 2r = 3.2 million light year That is pretty big …

  14. Incomplete Einstein ring at 100/h kpc Abell 1689 Center

  15. Temperature of gas: 10 keV=10^8 K Virial T of alpha-particles overlaps with it. Log(Mass) Virial equilibrium assumed; only amplitude adjusted Log(r/kpc) Cluster radiates in X-rays like a star in light. Radiated energy supplied by contraction, as in stars.Radiation helps to maintain virial equilibrium.

  16. Why isothermal (virial) equilibrium? • Lynden Bell: violent relaxation, faster than collisional • Relaxation in time-dependent potential:every object (individual particle, galaxy) exchanges energy with the whole cluster • Iff phase space density becomes uniform, then Fermi-Dirac distribution • X-ray radiation helps to maintain the virial state, as in the sun

  17. CDM or HDM? • Cold Dark Matter: heavy particles already clumped at decoupling z=1100 • But light neutrinos are free streaming until trapped by galaxy cluster • Free streaming • Crossover when Newton force of baryons matches Hubble force Hp: z = 6 - 7 • Then cosmic voids loose neutrinos and become empty • This heats the intracluster gas up to 10 keV, so it reionizes, without heavy stars • Hot Dark Matter paradigm agrees with gravito-hydrodynamics

  18. Gravitational hydrodynamics • At decoupling: photon mean free path = 10^(-5) pc << horizon • (Silk damping) • Step 1: In the plasma • Effect of viscosity important below z = 5000 • Instability in plasma: proto-voids & proto-galaxy-clusters • Size of proto-voids*(z+1) = 40 Mpc now • 13.6 eV recombination energy gives CMB T-fluctuationsof sub-Kelvin

  19. Milky Wayregion in Crux

  20. Gravitational hydrodynamics II • At decoupling: galaxies; Jeans clusters 40,000 solar mass • Some Jeans clusters developed into globular star clustersOthers were used for ordinary stars • Most still exist and are dark. These Jeans clusters act as isothermal “particles” forming the galactic dark matter • Explains flattening rotation curves, Tully Fisher relation • Explains galaxy mergers • Milli-lensing “CDM” subhalos explained as Jeans clusters • (Dwarf) galactic DM does NOT exclude neutrino DM

  21. Antennae galaxies: • Two colliding galaxiescome within each othersdark matter sphere. • Along their trajectories they transform severalcold Jeans clusters intoyoung globular star clusters.

  22. NGC-2623: Two galaxies inside each others dark matter? Jeans clusters warmed: new stars in young star clusters

  23. Tadpole galaxy (HST)

  24. Gravitational hydrodynamics III • At decoupling: fragmentation of Jeans clusters in • milli brown dwarfs (MBDs) of terrestrial weight. • Thousands of frozen MBDs observed in microlensing • at unit optical depth (Schild 1996, 1999) • 40,000 of heated MBDs in planetary nebulae counted in Spitzer infrared. Connected to hydrodynamics by Gibson&Schild 98-08 • Extreme Scattering Events: Earth-Jovian gas clouds observed in radio. Walker&Wardle 98: May be good fraction of galactic mass • Multiple imaging of pulsars: by MBDs in Jeans clusters • Explanation of H-alpha forest absorption lines • N,Gibson,Schild,EPL (2009) 0906.5801

  25. Helix planetary nebula • Star exploded • Became white dwarf • Ca 40.000 “cometary knots” in radio • = proto-gas balls • Ca 1 earth mass • Galactic dark matter = gas balls of earth mass: Macho’s

  26. Summary • Observed DM of Abell 1689 cluster explained by thermal fermions of eV mass.keV, MeV, GeV, TeV, PeV excluded. Thermal bosons (axions) excluded. • Fitting with global dark matter fraction: 6 active + 6 sterile (anti-)neutrinosMass about 1.45 eV, depends on h • Gas temperature 10^8 K = alpha-particle temp., gas profile matches automatically • Free flow into potential well occurs at z = 6 - 7. Causes reionization, without heavy stars • Neutrino Hot Dark Matter challenges Cold Dark Matter (CDM). • Dark matter particle was not (and should not be) observed in searches • ADMX, ANAIS, ArDM, ATIC, BPRS, CAST, CDMS, CLEAN, CRESST, CUORE, CYGNUS, (DAMA), DAMIC, DEEP, DRIFT, EDELWEISS, ELEGANTS, EURECA, GENIUS, GERDA, GEDEON, FERMI-GLAST, HDMS, ICECUBE, IGEX, KIMS, LEP, LHC, LIBRA, LUX, NAIAD, ORPHEUS, PAMELA, PICASSO, ROSEBUD, SIGN, SIMPLE, UKDM, VERITAS, XENON, XMASS, ZEPLIN. AMANDA, ANTARES, EGRET. • Neutrino mass tested in 2015 in Katrin search between 0.2 eV – 2 eV

  27. Summary II • Hydrodynamics is important before and at decoupling • Predicts structure formation from baryons without CDM trigger • Explains a wealth of observations • Hydrodynamic structure formation is top-down • So CDM cannot be right and its particle has not been found • Even for the CMB peaks, it offers no explanation for the scatter of unbinned data, or for the regime l=3000-8000. Turbulence does. • Hydrodynamics connects structure formation to turbulence.

  28. Do non-relativistic neutrinos constitute the dark matter? Th. M. N. Europhysics Letters 86 (2009) 59001 Gravitational hydrodynamics of large-scale structure formationTh. M. N., Carl H. Gibson, Rudy E. SchildEurophysics Letters 88 (2009) 49001

  29. Psalm 118:22 The stone which the builders refused is become the head stone of the corner

  30. KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino Experiments

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