Bell Ringer 3/19

1. Bell Ringer 3/19 • NONE • I need to talk to people that weren’t here yesterday about taking their test (I’ll call you up) • AND I need to take care of bonus points from last night • Next opportunity: TOMORROW 7pm

2. Modernism

3. Overview • This week: notes • Next week: project (work for 3 days, presentations other two) • QUIZ Friday before break • Following week: Spring Break

4. Modernism World War 1 The Great Depression World War II (some of you have studied these events intensely already, while others may not be familiar. I will briefly go over each so you understand and remember what life was like during this age.)

5. Modernism • The age witnessed the worst and the best that humanity is capable of • Quest for originality and freshness led to good and bad • Societies believed they were approaching the best that science and invention could offer and that competitive struggle would produce positive results • The war changed that

6. Conflict in the Modern World • Europe was suffering from times of tension • The tension had caused all the powers to increase their armed forces and to align themselves in such a way that any confrontation would lead to an irreversible chain reaction • Germany was allied with Austria-Hungary and Italy • Great Britain, France, and Russia were allies

7. Conflict Example June 28, 1914 – an Austrian archduke was assassinated in Sarajevo, and Austria-Hungary held the Serbs responsible One month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia On August 1, Germany declared war on Serbia’s ally, Russia On August 3, Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium On August 4, Britain declared war on Germany

8. The Great War - WWI In 1917, what had been a European conflict took on global dimensions Britain mounted offensives in Egypt, Iraq, and elsewhere in the Arab world Japan and China entered the conflict On April 6, 1917, the US was brought into the war through Germany’s submarine attacks

9. The Great War - WWI In 1917, things started to go very badly for Germany and her partners By 1918, the Germans realized they could no longer hope to turn things in their favor The first armistices were signed at the end of October and November of 1918

10. The Aftermath A series of agreements called the Treaty of Versailles formally ended the war These agreements were immediately contested, and after 20 years it was totally repudiated This will lead to WWII

11. Between the Wars

12. The Great Depression Began in the United States Inflation ruined people everywhere International currencies were extremely fragile and the power of banks increased A wave of speculation on Wall Street caused the stock market to crash in 1929 – stocks and shares plummeted until 1932

13. The Great Depression • The economy had grown fluidly for most of the Roaring Twenties. • Innovations just as the radio, automobile, aviation, telephone and power grid helped companies like RCA and General Motors soar! • The stock exchange reached an all-time high in Sep of 1929. A few price declines caused unsettling and investor anxiety so people sold their stocks and tried to get out of the market. • That caused the stock market to fall significantly, which led to more fear and panic, which caused the crash.

14. The Great Depression Bankruptcies exploded in any country whose credit system had ties to the US The crisis in business and banking caused an industrial crisis, which, in turn, affected agriculture Agricultural prices fell by 50% in the US In 1932, 40 million people were out of work

15. The Great Depression • Social and political unrest increased • Around the world, there were protest marches and uprisings by people who could not understand the system • For example: corn was burned to maintain prices while children starved • New political forces came to power, and government intervention was demanded by businessmen, farmers, and workers

16. The Great Depression • Spurred by violence in the streets, different countries adopted different solutions • Public works in the US, increased wages in France, closer links with colonies in Britain, Nazism in Germany • Some countries and people prepared for war – they saw it as the only logical way out of the crisis

17. Hitler & World War II

18. Hitler’s Conquests • On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany • Supposedly “disarmed,” Germany was militarily superior to the rest of Europe • He sought annexation of lands inhabited by Germans • It was the invasion of Poland on Sep. 1, 1939, that engulfed Europe in war once again

19. World War II At the end of 1942, fortunes began to change D-Day: June 6, 1944 Germany’s Fortress fell and many of its allies were forced to sign armistices On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide Unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945

20. The Pacific • The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 • Their rulers fell to Germany in 1940 • The US bombed Tokyo as early as 1942 • In the beginning of 1945, American forces had inched their way to Iwo Jima and Okinawa where they won strategic victories • Bombers could reach Japan for bombing and ships could intercept supplies headed to Japan

21. The Pacific Resolution came when President Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs: one on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and the other on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 The surrender document was signed on September 2, 1945 World War II was over

22. Science and War

23. Science and War Physicists worked separately, but aware of each other’s progress, to find ways to split the atom and create large quantities of energy Germany and the United States both developed an atomic bomb during World War II

24. Science and War In 1939, three physicists (including Albert Einstein) wrote to President Roosevelt and warned him of Germany’s progress toward developing a nuclear reactor The US created the first nuclear reactor in 1942

25. Computers • Early in the 1930s, a German engineer named KonradZuse made a computer that operated binary mode. • It could perform a multiplication in 3-4 seconds • He was hindered by the slowness of his machines, and needed more funding • Hitler was caught up in winning the war, and cut his funding

26. Computers In 1939, Bell Laboratories in the US created the Model 1 It was nicknamed the “Complex Number Calculator” The data output consisted of the sum of all data entered

27. Computers The first fully automatic calculator was the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator Developed by IBM at Harvard University It weighed 5 metric tons and contained 500 miles of wire It included a clock to synchronize sequences and registers- a device used by the computer to store information for high-speed access

28. IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

29. Philosophy

30. Philosophy - Pragmatism Pragmatism emerged in America, championed by John Dewey (1859-1952) Abandoned the search for final answers to great problems, such as the existence of immortality, and instead contented itself with more modest goals It pursued such issues as what moral and aesthetic values might be in an industrialized society and how one might achieve the highest personal fulfillment through education

31. Pragmatism “Experience” is fundamental to Dewey’s philosophy in all areas Believed that aesthetics was “the crown of philosophy” and “art is an experience” worth being a part of

32. Philosophy - Existentialism The central doctrine of existentialism is that human beings are what they make of themselves They are not predestined by God, society, or biology People have free will and the responsibility that goes with it

33. Existentialism Human life is a series of consecutive movements Insist on the concrete rather than the abstract With freedom comes the responsibility for giving meaning to human endeavor, which otherwise remains meaningless

34. 10 minutes short