00-1450 CE

1. Africa &the Spread of Islam 00-1450 CE Chapter 8 AP World History

2. Africa & Islam Timeline

3. Africa & Islam Map Exercise • Empires of the Western Sudan

5. Map of Africa 600-1450

6. Bantu Migrations (Approx. 500BCE -1000CE)

7. Bantu Migrations (Approx. 500BCE -1000CE) • P- Stateless Societies • Village= organized around families led by a respected family member • Later- Bantu concepts of kingship and state-building were used in the Kingdom of Kongo • R- Animistic= Spirits inhabiting natural world • C- Brought common language (mixes with Arabic – becomes Swahili) [no writing] • Slavery

8. Bantu Migrations (Approx. 500BCE -1000CE) I- Interactions - Herders– moved W to E and S. Africa. Population Increase as migration slowly happened Taught techniques of cattle raising along the way Spread the knowledge of ironworking Farmers who spread iron agriculture which increased crop cultivation Cultural diffusers – used of cereal grains and terracing crops.

9. Trans-Saharan Trade Berbers were the native desert dwellers of North Africa 300 C.E. camels replaced horses and donkeys as transport animals (3:1 ratio in distance) Speeds travel across the Sahara Trade in gold, salt, and ivory flourished Islam arrives in 7th century

10. Trans-Saharan trade led tothe rise of the kingdoms inthe Sudan • Rise of SudanicStates • Common characteristics • Led by patriarch or council of elders • Based upon ethnic core • Rulers were considered sacred • Islam reinforced kingship

11. Sub-Saharan Empires (West Africa)Ghana 750 -1076CE “Land of Gold” in Sahel – savannah grasslands south and west of the Sahara. Used territorial expansion to control Trans-Saharan trade routes Arabs traded copper, horses, textiles and figs for gold, honey, slaves, and ivory from Ghana. Trade led urbanization Kings converted to Islam by the 10th century Did not force Islam upon others Nomadic raids from the Sahara weakened Ghana in the early 13th century Cultural mix of Muslims and non-Muslims.

12. Sub-Saharan Empires Mali – 1230CE -1450CE Sundiata “the Lion Prince” monarch is credited with beginning Malinke expansion and creating the Mali Empire Malinkepeople created an empire in the early 13th century Griots– professional oral historians, keepers of traditions, advisors to kings. Mansa Musa – devout Muslim – 1324 made pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca with much gold (draws more traders to Africa) Juula - The African traders associated with the Mali Empire Agriculture, with the gold trade, was the base of the economy More Muslim converts

13. Mali Timbuktu – political, economic, and cultural center of all West Africa during this time period. On trans-Saharan trade route exchanging gold from the south for salt from the desert. Also traded ivory and slaves. Islamic social structure with many mosques and a center of Islamic learning.

14. Sub-Saharan Empires Songhay (Songhai) 1468-1591 • Leader Sonni Ali conquered all the old Ghana and Mali Empires • Largest West African Empire • Insisted on total obedience in Islam • Timbuktu became a major cultural center including a university: • Pope Leo X was impressed with Timbuktu in 1513, he said, “Here is a great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the king’s court.” • ** Note Dates above are outside AP timeframe for 600-1450CE, but guidelines require it to be in this unit with Ghana, Mali, & Songhay.

15. Sub-Saharan Empires Songhay (Songhai) 1468-1591 • Sunni Ali Ber • Conqueror & Founder • Askia Muhammad the Great • He set up administration through out the various lands • Economy- Trade gold for equal quantities of salt • Nobles • Free Men & Traders • Low class farmers • Lower European Slaves

16. Christianity in Africa Axum (Ethiopia) was a naval and trading power 400BCE-1000CE. King Ezana converted to Christianity 250 CE, then converted his people. Adopted the Egyptian or Coptics version that Christ is only divine nature Only Christian majority in Africa 600-1450 CE.

17. Great Zimbabwe Dominates central Africa from 9th-16th centuries Built massive stone enclosures (zimbabwe) Supplied gold to the Swahili coast Declined due to internal divisions by the 16th century

18. The Swahili City States Founded by Bantu settlers in approx 900CE • Bantu and Arabic languages mixed into the distinct Swahili language (remains today) • Islamic merchants settled in coastal villages • Swahili culture emerges by 13th century • Major role in Indian Ocean trade network • Islamic merchants traded gold, slaves, & Ivory for pottery, glass, & textiles from China, Persia, & India • Remember Admiral Zheng He brought his Ming Dynasty ships there

19. The Swahili Coast

20. Major Comparisons • Analyze gender systems & changes • Interactions between Jews, Christians, & Muslims • Compare European & sub-Saharan African contacts with Islamic World • Compare/contrast the different cultures within Africa

21. Change over Time • Nomadic to Settled • Arrival of Islam • Increase in trading

22. Continuities over Time • Patriarchy arrived with Islam • Nomadic conflict with settled, advanced, urban cultures • Major cities centers of trade and culture • Christianity • Bantu Migrations • Oral literature- histories & stories passed from one generation to the next