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The Early Modern Period 1450-1750 CE

The Early Modern Period 1450-1750 CE. UNIT 4 APWH EXAM REVIEW. MAJOR CHANGES. World becomes global - exploration; technological innovations; political organizations; trade Domination of Maritime trade - shift from land based trade in Classical and Post-Classical Periods

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The Early Modern Period 1450-1750 CE

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  1. The Early Modern Period1450-1750 CE UNIT 4 APWH EXAM REVIEW

  2. MAJOR CHANGES • World becomes global - exploration; technological innovations; political organizations; trade • Domination of Maritime trade - shift from land based trade in Classical and Post-Classical Periods • Decline of nomadic groups and their power • Shift in labor systems • Gunpowder Empires

  3. Major Early Modern Empires • Spain • Portugal • England • France • The Netherlands • Russia • Gunpowder Empires: • Ottoman Empire • Tokugawa Japan • Safavid Persia • Ming China • Mughal India

  4. The Ottoman Empire1299-1923 • Founded by Osman • 1453: take Constantinople and end Byz. Empire • Take control of land on 3 continents - From Iraq in the east, North Africa to the South; Balkans to the East • Sultan (supreme leader) w/ a bureaucracy • Strong army (Janissaries); Slave labor • Religiously and culturally tolerant • Emphasized Merchant class • Women have right to own property

  5. Mughal India1526-1858 • Descendants of Mongol invaders and Muslim merchants in Northern India • Included India, Pakistan and Afghanistan • Strong military, funded by high taxes • Those in military earn pieces of land, which makes regional princes upset • Muslim leaders over Hindu majority - religiously tolerant (they have to be!) • Creation of new religion: Sikhism (Islam and Hinduism) • Great architectural feats - Taj Mahal

  6. Tokugawa Japan1600-1868 • Tokugawa family unite regional daimyos under one government • Capital: Edo (Tokyo) • Opposed to European presence in Asia (after seeing Spanish take over Philippines; did not want Europeans to appeal to daimyos to overthrow gov’t) • 1630s: close Japan from European influences • No travel to Europe; no Europeans in Japan except Dutch traders (limited)

  7. Ming China1368-1644 • Follow Yuan dynasty (Mongols) • Promote initial exploration - Zheng He; eventually recalled to deal with internal problems • Neo-Confucianism • Silk Road begins to decline b/c of maritime trade • Cultural contributions: porcelain; paintings • At end of dynasty, very inept rulers; prone to rebellions and outside attacks

  8. Qing China • Overthrown Ming Dynasty in 1644 (last until 1911) • Led by Manchus (from Manchuria) – viewed as outsiders by rest of China • Pre-1750: very strong empire; promote Mandate of Heaven; forbid intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese • Golden Age of Chinese civilization - good, long-serving rulers; promotion of Confucianism, education and military might • React favorably to Catholic missionaries; increase trade with Europeans and open ports for trade

  9. Safavid Persia1501-1736 • Shi’a Islam • Founded by Ismail • Lack of religious tolerance – goes to war with Ottomans to convert them; Safavids lose • Capital: Isfahan - great city planning; mosques • Difficult to expand due to being surrounded by other empires - Arab empires, Ottomans, Mughals

  10. Age of Exploration • Portugal - exploration and colonization – Prince Henry the Navigator; important in early slave trade; first to set up trading centers in Africa’s coast (factories)/ trade directly with India and China; Brazil • Spain - Isabella and Ferdinand; exploration and colonization; expelled Muslims and Jews from Spain (Inquisition); control most of Latin America and southern North America; crucial in beginning of slave trade • Treaty of Tordesillas – divides South America between Spain and Portugal

  11. England Power from trade and colonization British East India Company Mercantilism Strong naval force - defeat Spanish Armada Colonies on Eastern seaboard of N.America Strong limited government (monarchy) with Parliament Queen Elizabeth I France Power through trade and colonization (Northern parts of North America) Traders; Trappers Louis XIV - absolute monarch; Palace of Versailles Age of Exploration

  12. Social and Gender Change in Early Modern Europe • Major cities develop - Paris, London, Amsterdam • Rise of small middle class (much bigger in Industrial Revolution) • Rising gap between rich and poor • Later marriage ages; decline in arranged marriage • Some women become educated • Renaissance and Reformation change views of European society

  13. Early Modern Russia • Post-Classical Mongol control of Russia hurts most of the region, except for Moscow, which benefits from the tax collection; feudalism increases; behind in trade and technological development • Romanov Family dominates • Expansion east – use of Cossacks • Peter the Great - Westernization; St. Petersburg; warm water port • Catherine the Great; appeal to upper classes (boyars); likes idea of Westernization, but doesn’t implement it as well as Peter • Both treat peasants terribly

  14. Exploration and Colonization of the Americas - Consequences • Decimation of indigenous peoples - Aztecs, Incas, Native Americans (90%) • Spread of Disease - smallpox, tuberculosis • Columbian Exchange: animals and crops • Rise in coercive labor – Encomiendas; Slave labor • European access to raw materials (silver, sugar, cotton, tobacco)

  15. Coercive or Forced Labor Systems

  16. Early Modern Demographic Changes • Rise in population in Europe • Decrease in population in Americas • 15th century: 67 million living in North, Central and south America • 1700: 13 million in all of western hemisphere • Africa: slave trade hurt, but not decimate African demographics • By 1700: doubled population in 1000 CE • Western Africa only area really impacted by ST • Asia: between 1000 and 1700 CE - population almost doubles

  17. Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries) Starts in Italy (humanism; less focus on church; Machiavelli; secular paintings; architecture) Spreads to Northern Europe (still focused on religion) Reformation 1517: Martin Luther posts 95 Theses Question of authority of Catholic Church Religion should be personal; not corrupt Speaks out against Indulgences Many religious wars (Thirty Years War) Counter-Reformation (Catholic Church’s attempt to stop conversion) Major European Cultural and Intellectual Developments

  18. Scientific Revolution World could be explained through natural, rather than religious, laws Sun center of the universe (heliocentric theory - Copernicus, Galileo) Scientific Method Diffuses throughout Europe and Americas Enlightenment Social Contract Theory- people have a say in government (John Locke) Natural Rights - life, liberty and property (John Locke) Right to revolution and overthrow of government Freedom of speech, press, and religion (Voltaire) Challenges idea of divine right of kings Diffuses through Europe and American colonies

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