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Chapter 5 - Minerals

What is a mineral?. Occurs naturally Is a solid Has a definite composition Its atoms are arranged in an orderly fashion Is inorganic (never been alive). Chapter 5 - Minerals. Most minerals…. …are compounds That means that they are made up of more than one element.

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Chapter 5 - Minerals

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  1. What is a mineral? Occurs naturally Is a solid Has a definite composition Its atoms are arranged in an orderly fashion Is inorganic (never been alive) Chapter 5 - Minerals

  2. Most minerals…. …are compounds That means that they are made up of more than one element

  3. 2 most abundant minerals in Earth’s crust are…. Oxygen & silicon 8 elements make up most of the minerals in Earth’s crust (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium & magnesium)

  4. How do minerals form? Some form from magma - molten rock Others form in or near water

  5. Structure of minerals…..crystals Crystals are a regular geometric solid with smooth faces There are 6 crystal shapes….some are “tougher” than the others

  6. Crystal Shapes Cubic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Triclinic Hexagonal Monoclinic

  7. For example, diamonds and graphite are both pure carbon, but……. Diamonds are Tetrahedral - very hard Graphite is hexagonal - very soft

  8. Silicates Rock-forming minerals Compounds made up of silicon and oxygen Most rock-forming minerals are silicates (the minerals that make up most rocks)

  9. Silica Tetrahedron 4 oxygen atoms packed around 1 silicon atom

  10. Cleavage The ability to split along planes, in particular directions To “peel” Identifying Minerals by physical properties

  11. Luster The ability to shine under light

  12. Streak The color of a mineral’s powder

  13. Fracture To break along non-cleavage surfaces To “splinter”

  14. Specific Gravity The ratio of a mineral’s weight to an equal volume of water Use a spring scale to measure

  15. Hardness Moh’s hardness scale The resistance to scratching Ranges from 1 to 10 1 is the softest - Talc 10 is the hardest - Diamond

  16. Special properties Birefringence - double refraction Phosphorescence - the ability to glow under UV light

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