The Skeleton

1. The Skeleton • What the skeleton does? • The skeleton is the basic framework of the body. It has four major functions • SHAPE AND SUPPORT • MOVEMENT • PROTECTION • BLOOD PRODUCTION • SHAPE AND SUPPORT - the skeleton provides us with our shape, without it our body would have no framework to support itself on. The skeleton also

2. gives the body its size and in some cases can influence overall bodyweight. • MOVEMENT - some of the bones of the body are held together by freely moveable joints. This means you are able to bend your body and move about. • PROTECTION - The skeleton also protects the vital soft tissue organs of the body. The most important are: • the rib cage - protects the heart and the lungs • the pelvic girdle - protects the abdomen • the spinal column chord - protects the spinal chord • the skull - protects the brain.

3. BLOOD PROTECTION - blood is made in the bonemarrow, particularly in the marrow of the long bones of the body. Blood contains both red and white blood cells. The red blood cells carry oxygen to muscles and the white blood cells fight infection in the body.

4. Types of Bones • There are over 200 bones in the body and over 100 joints. • Bones are divided into three main types : • FLAT BONES - the scapula, the patella, the sternum, the pelvis and the ribs • IRREGULAR BONES - the vertebrae and the short bones of the hands and feet. • LONG BONES - the bones of the arms and the legs, and the long bones in the hands and feet.

5. CRANIUM - the brain case made up of EIGHT flat bones • CLAVICLE AND SCAPULA - collar and shoulder bones that make up the shoulder. SCAPULA also connects the arm to the central skeleton. • STERNUM - has 10 pairs of ribs attached to it. • RIBS • HUMERUS • RADUIS AND ULNA - rotate around each other, letting you turn your palms up and down.

6. PELVIS - where the legs are connected to the skeleton • PHALANGES - make up fingers and toes • FEMUR - longest bone in the body. Stronger weight for weight than steel. • PATELLA - kneecap, protects the knee joint. It is embedded in the tendon of a muscle and not attached to any other bone. • FIBULA • TIBIA - shin bone. • Male skeletons tend to be bigger and female skeletons have a wider pelvis so that is easier to have children.

7. Task: • 1. Name all the bones numbered 1 -18 • 2.State whether the bone is a: • long bone • irregular bone • flat bone

8. Joints and Movement • There are many types of joint in the body, including joints that we do not move and joints that only move slightly. The movement of joints are important factors affecting participation and performance. • JOINT STRUCTURE • most joints are synovial joints. Synovial joints are enclosed inside a capsule filled with a lubricating fluid, called synovial fluid. This fluid reduces the friction on the joint surfaces as they move against each other. A membrane seals the synovial capsule so that the fluid does not leak out.

9. CARTILAGE • joint surfaces are also covered by smooth, slippery hyaline cartilage. This aids the production of synovial fluid. • Joints often include another kind of cartilage, called white fibro-cartilage. This is is smooth and hard in order to help free movement, fibro-cartilage istough and elastic. It acts as a shock absorber cushioning impact on the synovial joints. For example the knee contains fibro-cartilage to cushion the joint against the impact of walking, running and jumping. • LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS • ligaments and tendon hold together moving joints. Ligaments are very strong elastic fibres that keep joints intact.

10. all the major joints rely on ligaments and tendons for stability. • tendons attach muscles to bones. • both ligaments and tendons can be strained or torn as a result of violent movement. • TYPES OF MOVEMENT • since movement is so important in sport and physical activity, there are terms to describe the different kinds of movement. • FLEXION • EXTENSION • ROTATION • ABDUCTION • ADDUCTION

11. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOVEMENT: • FLEXION - flexion is the bending of a joint. For example, flexion occurs at the knee as the foot is drawn back to kick a ball. • EXTENSION - extension is the straightening of a limb at the joint. For example, when putting the shot the elbow is straightened during release. • ROTATION- rotation is the ‘swivelling’ of a joint. for example, moving the head from side to side.

12. ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION - • abduction involves moving a limb (s) away from the the central axis of your body. • adduction is the opposite from abduction, moving a limb (s) back towards the central axis of your body. • the central axis is a straight line travelling from the top of your head straight down to the ground.

13. Types of Joints • The type of joints that are particularly important for physical activity and sport are: • BALL AND SOCKET JOINT - allows a full range of movement. E.g. the hip and shoulder joints • HINGE JOINT - movement in one plane: flexion and extension.

14. GLIDING JOINT - these occur in the many small bones of the hand and feet. They allow a slight sliding motion forwards and backwards and from side to side. • PIVOT JOINT - allows rotation. E.g. atlas and axis in the neck.

15. TASK: • the picture shows: • 1: Shoulder joint -ball and socket • 2: Elbow joint - hinge joint • can you name another ball and socket and hinge joint?