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The Skeleton

The Skeleton. Skeleton. The word skeleton comes from a Greek work meaning “dried up” Infants are born with about 350 bones which fuse resulting in 206 bones that provide the framework for our structure 177/206 is for voluntary movement. Functions. Protection:

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The Skeleton

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  1. The Skeleton

  2. Skeleton • The word skeleton comes from a Greek work meaning “dried up” • Infants are born with about 350 bones which fuse resulting in 206 bones that provide the framework for our structure • 177/206 is for voluntary movement

  3. Functions • Protection: • Soft tissues and vital organs i.e. brain, heart lungs, and spinal cord • Blood Production: • Red blood cells (manufactured by red marrow) • Storage: - Calcium and phosphorous • Movement: • Act as levers for muscle activity

  4. Skeleton Organization • Two Divisions: • Axial Skeleton: protection of internal organs • Appendicular Skeleton: movement

  5. Axial Skeleton • 80 bones • Forms the vertical axis of the body: • Skull • Vertebral Column • Thoracic Cage: • Ribs • Sternum

  6. Appendicular Skeleton • 126 bones • Forms the appendages and their attachments to the appendicular skeleton: • Upper Limbs • Lower Limbs • Shoulder Girdle • Pelvic Girdle

  7. Skull • Bones that support the head, neck, and trunk, and protects the brain and spinal cord: - Cranial bones, facial bones, auditory ossicles, and hyoid bone • Cranial Bones: enclose and protect the brain • Facial Bones: forms the framework of the face

  8. Skull • Hyoid bone: • Only bone that does not articulate with any other bone • Suspended above the larynx (voice box) where it is anchored by ligaments to the styloid process of the temporal bone • Helps to support the tongue • Serves as an attachment point for muscles to help elevate the larynx during swallowing

  9. Skull • Auditory Ossicles: • Stapes (stirrup), Incus (anvil), Malleus (hammer) • Named for their shape • Three smallest bones in the human body • Located in the middle ear • Transmit sound

  10. Thoracic Cage • 25 bones (page 4): Sternum and 24 Ribs • Ribs: • Encases heart, lungs, and organs • Attached posteriorly to T1-T12 • Ribs 1-7 are True Ribs and attach anteriorly to manubrium and body of sternum • Ribs 8-10 are False Ribs, their cartilage joins the 7th rib anteriorly • Ribs 11 and 12 are Floating Ribs and do not attach to the sternum

  11. Vertebral Column • 26 Bones (pg. 3) • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 Thoracic Vertebrae • 5 Lumbar Vertebrae • Sacrum • 5 fused vertebrae • Coccyx: Tailbone

  12. Cervical Vertebrae • Begins at the base of the skull • Seven cervical vertebrae-C1-C7 • Smaller in size than rest of vertebrae • Most moveable vertebrae • Protect the spinal cord, support the skull, and provide movement (i.e., rotation) • Eight pairs of cervical nerves which control breathing and upper body muscles (C3 controls diaphragm) • C1 is called the Atlas (ring shaped; no body and spinous process) • C2 is called the Axis (has a body, spinous process, and dens)

  13. Thoracic Vertebrae • 12 Thoracic Vertebrae-T1-T12 • Located in the chest • Very little movement due to attachment to Ribs and Sternum • Protect internal organs • 1 Vertebral Body • 2 Spinous Process • 3 Transverse Process • 4 Pedicle • 5 Foramen • 6 Lamina • 7 Superior Facet

  14. Lumbar Vertebrae • 5 Lumbar Vertebrae-L1-L5 • Designed to carry most of the body’s weight • Largest vertebrae • More range of motion than thoracic vertebrae, but less than cervical vertebrae

  15. Sacrum • Located behind the pelvis • Connects the spine to the pelvis • Five fused bones-S1-S5 • Below the sacrum are five additional fused bones which form the coccyx (tailbone)

  16. Curvature of the Spine • Acts like a spring to absorb shock, maintain balance, and allow range of motion • Cervical Spine: • Curves slightly inward • Inward curve of the spine is called Lordosis • Thoracic Spine: • Curves outward • Outward curve of the spine is called Kyphosis • Lumbar Spine: • Curves slightly inward-Lordosis

  17. Intervertebral Disks • In between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs made of fibrous cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow the back to move. • As a person ages, these discs compress and shrink, resulting in a distinct loss of height (generally between 0.5 and 2.0cm) between the ages of 50 and 55.

  18. Axial Skeleton Summary • Skull • Cranial bones • Facial bones • Auditory ossicles • Hyoid bone • Thoracic Cage • 24 ribs • Sternum • Vertebral column • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • Sacrum • Coccyx

  19. Shoulder Girdle (pages 4-5) • Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle • Clavicle (2): collarbone • Scapula (2): shoulder blade

  20. Upper Extremities (pages 5-7) • Humerus (2): arm bone • Radius (2): forearm (thumb side) • Ulna (2): forearm (pinky side) • Carpals (16): wrist bones 8 in each wrist • Metacarpals (10): hand bones • Phalanges (28): Fingers • 2 in each thumb and 3 in each finger

  21. Pelvic Girdle (pg. 80) • Attaches the lower limbs and transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs • Ilium: upper portion of the pelvis • Ischium: what we sit on (butt bones) • Pubis: Lower most anterior part of pelvis

  22. Lower Extremities (pages 81-83) • Femur (2): largest, longest and strongest bone (Thigh bone) • Patella (2): Kneecap • Tibia (2): Large shin bone • Fibula (2): Thin shin bone • Tarsals (14): ankle bones • Metatarsals (10): foot bones • Phalanges (28): Toes 2 in big toe and 3 in all other toes

  23. Appendicular Skeleton Summary • Shoulder Girdle • Clavicle • Scapula • Upper Extremities • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Metacarpals • Carpals • Phalanges • Pelvic Girdle • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis • Lower Extremities • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges

  24. Bone Markings • Passageways, joint formations, and attachment points for muscles, tendons, and ligaments • Foramen: rounded hole or opening • Foramen Magnum is the large hole in the skull

  25. Bone Markings • Process: projection • Spinous Process of Vertebrae • Fossa: shallow or hollow surface • Iliac Fossa of Pelvis • Crest: a prominent ridge • Iliac Crest of Pelvis

  26. Bone Markings • Condyle: smooth or rounded projection • Lateral and Medial Condyles of the Femur • Epicondyle: projection located above a condyle • Medial and Lateral Epicondyles of the Humerus

  27. Bone Markings • Trochanter: a large rough projection • Greater Trochanter of Femur • Tuberosity: a small rounded projection • Tibial Tuberosity

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