Building Monitoring Capacity in North Africa

1. Building Monitoring Capacity in North Africa Eng. Ahmed Abou Elseoud G.M. Air Quality Dep./EEAA Egyptian Ministry of Environment

2. North African Region • Total Population 156 million Capita • Egypt population represents 49% of the regions Population

3. Air Quality in Africa • Air Quality in Africa is an issue that has been emerged over the past few decades • Air in Africa's urban centers is polluted by • Emissions from industry • Open waste burning • Vehicle Emissions • Africans CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels are low in comparison to other countries (223 million tons/year) • South Africa accounts for 42% of the Regions emissions. • Egypt , Nigeria and Algeria contribute to 35.5% • Diesel is a commonly used fuel in Africa • Cars is old with deteriorating efficiency Africa Contribution to Global CO2 Emissions,1998

4. Air Quality in North Africa • Declining Air Quality in urban centers continues to be one of the most serious local environmental problems in North Africa. • Most of the region’s industrial base was developed in the 1960’s • Oil fired power plants using high Sulpher fuel caused high levels of Sulpher Dioxide • Open waste burning of garbage and agriculture residues is a major source of particulate and • Lead and particulate concentrations often exceed WHO guidelines by a multiple of two to five folds.

5. Air Quality in North Africa • Cement and steel factories produce sox of the total particle emission (Egypt has 15 cement factories produce 34 million tons per year). • Number of motor vehicles in most countries nearly doubles in the past 10 to 15 years (Egypt has 3.2 million cars with annual increase of 4 %). • North Africa countries account for a large proportion of all of Africa GHG emissions • emitted a total of 280 million metric tons of CO2 (37% of Africa total emissions) • They also responsible for about 20% of Africa's anthropogenic Methane emissions

6. Air Quality Monitoring Programs in North Africa • Tunisia Air Monitoring program • Morocco Air Monitoring • Egypt Air Monitoring

7. Tunisia Air Quality Program • There is an Air Quality monitoring network consists of Fixed air monitoring stations plus mobile station • The network covers Greater Tunisia, Sfax, Gabes, Bizerte, Sousse, Gafsa and Kairouan • In 2002, there was five continuous stations installed to measure: SO2, NOx, O3, CO, HC, SP • Two extra stations were installed in year 2003 • The network output data is used to produce technical reports on the state of air quality in Tunisia (part of the annual state of the environment report)

8. Morocco Air Quality Monitoring • The most important institutions working on air pollution monitoring in Morocco are : • Ministry of Environment and local authorities • CNESTEN (Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires) • Universities • Mohammadia High School of Engineering • Mining sector • LPEE, Public Laboratory of Studying and Testing

9. Morocco Main Air Quality Management • Air quality measurements in several urban areas in Morocco • Monitoring of vehicles emissions in several Moroccan cities • Establishment of norms for atmospheric emissions in thermal power plants • Installation of a fixed network of air quality in Rabat • Establishment of an agreement concerning the utilization of rubber in cement industries • Establishment of a national dialogue on fuel quality improvements

10. Morocco Air Quality Monitoring • The equipment used to assess air pollution in Morocco are two kinds : • Those for sampling aerosols (such as high volume, dichotomous, impactors with cascades for SPM and heavy metals) ; gas (NOx, SO2,CO, O3,etc…) ; ambulant laboratories for monitoring (direct measurements) • Analytical techniques for heavy metals and other trace elements such as AAS, ICP-AES, ED-XRF and NAA using 14 MeV neutron generator as well as Pierre Süe Laboratory reactors (France) • The atmospheric pollution laboratory of CNESTEN is equipped with several systems of sampling, measuring and controlling • It is equipped with Mobil Meteorological station LASTEM model MW6010 to collect all environmental data during sampling • Ambient particulate samplers " DICHOTOMUS PM10/PM 2.5 “ • Sulphur dioxide analyzer with UV fluorescence • Ozone analyzer with UV photometry • high volume samplers

11. Air Quality Monitoring Program for Egypt

12. EEAA Air Monitoring Network Components • Data Collectors; sensors and monitors • Data transfer Systems and data QA/QC procedures • Databases • User-friendly graphical presentation systems including GIS • A decision support system • Data dissemination system

14. Air Quality measurement sites in Egypt Total D+C UE Sin Type Ca Alx 11 Industrial 3 3 2 3 3 Street/road 3 9 Urban 1 3 4 1 10 Residential 2 2 2 4 3 Background 1 1 1 6 Mixed areas 1 2 1 2 Total 8 10 9 1 42 14

15. The first priority air pollutantsas presented by UNEP/GEMS, WHO, OECD • Sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ), • Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) , or better PM10 (suspended particles with diameter less than 10 micrometer), • Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) and/or NOx (nitrogen oxides), • Ozone (O3) • Carbon monoxide (CO). Not all parameters are measured at all sites. This is dependent upon site specifications and typical dominating sources. In some sites NMHC, VOC and dust fall are also measured.

16. Sites in the Delta EEAA/EIMP Air Quality Monitoring Sites Cairo sites AbuZabel . Shoubra ElKheima . Meteor. Auth . Kolaly . Gomhoriya str . Nasr City Fum El- Khalig Egypt . Kufu pyramid (PS) Alexandria sites AlAzafra EEAA/EIMP IGSR Air Quality measurement sites GheatEl Enab in the Cairo area Tebbin Tebbin South. ElMax

17. ِAir Quality Monitoring Network Equipment Electronic Monitors VET Equipment Mobil Lab. Samplers

18. Data Quality Assurrance is performed at several levels • Instrument calibrations • Daily weekly field calibrations • Daily data retrieval QA/QC • Statistical analyses Final approved data transferred to EEAA for reporting !!

19. Major Outputs • Hourly Data on Air Quality for the EWS. • Daily Reports on Air Quality in GC Area • Monthly Reports on Air Quality Status on Egypt • Quarterly Reports • Annual Reports

20. Meteorological data The Early Warning System for AQ Air Pollution Network MET Authority Real time Monitoring stations Crises Management Room in EEAA

21. حدود القانون (70ميكروجرام/م3) Annual PM10 Concentration in Cairo • There is a general trend of decreasing PM10 from 2000 till 2004 • PM10 is the major air pollution problem in Egypt and most of the station exceeds AQL value

22. Annual SO2 Concentration in Cairo حدود القانون 4لسنة 1994(60 ميكروجرام/م3) • There is a segnificat trend of reduction of SO2 concentrations • The concentrations in year 2004 are all below AQL except two stations at the downtown center of Cairo

23. Annual NO2 Concentration in Cairo

24. Annual O3 Concentration in Cairo There is a slight decrease of O3 concentrations in Egypt from 50-70 microgm/m3 in 2000 to 35-45 microgm/m3 in 2004

25. The Thermal Inversion Over Cairo Inversion Hight

26. Thermal Inversion Over Cairo

27. Impact of Wind Speed & Wind Direction on Pollution transfer Wind Direction

28. إنخفاض عدد الايام التى تصل فيها تركيزات الاتربة الصدرية العالقة الى حدود حرجة

29. Conclusion • In general terms, the North African region has a good base for environmental monitoring capabilities • But it is all local as we have many local problems need to be dealt with • There are some trials to address regional impact of air pollution using remote sensing and satellite imagoes • There may be a need to upgrade and improve these programs in order to have more accurate and reliable data • There is also a need for techniques and analysis tools to transfer the monitoring data into decision support information • There is also a lack of data dissemination and awareness on the impact of air pollution

30. Thank You