Unit Eight

1. Unit Eight

2. The Relative Clause • introduced by when • introduced by where • preceded by the way ( in which) • introduced by why • expressing increase by using times

3. Restrictive relative clause introduced by adverbial关系副词when, where, why引导的限制性定语从句 • 1994 was the year when he was born. • This is the hotel where we stayed last summer. • Give me the reason why we should help you.

4. 由表示方式的the way引导的限制性定语从句 • The way these students looked at the problem was wrong. • That was the way she looked after us. • Do it the way you were instructed.

5. LSP1: talking about some important dates in history • A: I’ve come across some dates in my reading and each one of them refers to some important event. (Suppose I give you a few dates and you’ll try to guess what dates they are.) • B: Okey. • A: (The first date is 12 Oct. 1492.) • B: Oh, that was the day when Columbus first landed in America.

6. ChristopherColumbus (1451–1506). • Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America (1492). He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to China.

7. manifesto  [mæni’festəu] n.宣言，声明 • break out 爆发 • The Communist Manifesto was first published on February 21, 1848, and is one of the world's most historically influential political tracts. Commissioned by the Communist League and written by communist theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it laid out the League's purposes and program. The Manifesto suggested a course of action for a proletarian revolution to overthrow capitalism and, eventually, to bring about a classless society. It ends, “Workers of the world, unite.”

10. LSP 2: Identifying things • A: (Do you know what a kitchenette is?) • B: Yes. A kitchenette is a small room where people cook their meals. • A: (Can I say that it is a room where meals are prepared?) • B: Of course. That means the same thing.

11. LSP 3: Expressing appreciation • A: How did Susan strike you? • B: (Oh, she made a good impression on me.) I like the way she spoke. • A: She spoke in an amusing way, didn’t she? • B: (Yes. The way she spoke amused the audience.)

12. strike / straɪk/ (pt, pp struck/ strʌk/) • ~ sb (as sth) have an effect on sb; impress sb (in the way specified)给某人留下印象: How does the idea strike you? 这个主意你觉得怎麽样? * The plan strikes me as ridiculous. 我觉得这个计划荒谬可笑. * The house strikes you as welcoming when you go in. 这所房子你一进去就感到很舒服. • (not in the continuous tenses 不用於进行时态) occur to sb's mind 产生於某人的头脑中: An awful thought has just struck me. 我刚才产生了一种很坏的想法. * What struck me was/I was struck by (ie I noticed) their enthusiasm for the work. 使我深有感触的是他们的工作热情[他们的工作热情我深有体会]. * It suddenly struck me how we could improve the situation. 我突然想到一个办法可以让我们改进这种局面.

13. conscience  [‘kɔnʃəns] n.良心 • conscientious [kɔnʃi’enʃəs] a.认真的，勤勤恳恳的 • carry out orders 执行命令 • promptly  [‘prɔmptli] ad. 及时地, 快地 • earn sb. a good name赢得好名声

14. LSP 4: Seeking and giving clarification • A: Why do we have tests and quizzes all the time? • B: (So that we may know how we’re getting on with our work.) • A: Is that the reason why we have tests and quizzes all the time? • B: (Well, it may not be the only reason,) but it’s one of the main reasons.

17. At the Sunday Fair in Kashi

18. Listening • 1. What does B think about Urumqi? • 2. Why does the city Kashi give B a deep impression? Give some details. • 3. How do the people in Kashi do business? • 4. Will you go to Xinjiang if you have a chance?

19. General Idea • B has just come back from Xinjiang and he tells A about: • Urumqi--- modern and big • Kashi--- typical Uygur • The Sunday fair in Kashi • --- things sold • ----the way business is done

20. Language Points • rather  [‘rɑ:ðə] ad. 相当 : fairly, quite • legendary[‘ledʒəndəri] adj • 1of or mentioned in legend 传奇的; 传说的; 传奇式的: legendary heroes传奇英雄. • 2(infml 口) very well known; famous 有名的; 著名的: a legendary recording 著名的录音 * Her patience and tact were legendary. 她的耐心和机智是出名的. notorious / nəu’tɔ:rɪəs/ adj ~ (for/as sth) (derog 贬) well-known for some bad quality, deed, etc 臭名昭著的; 声名狼藉的

21. It’s to the southwest of Urumqi. 它（喀什）位于乌鲁木齐的西南方。 • craft [krɑ:ft] n.工艺，手艺 • craftsmanshipn [U] • 1skilled workmanship 技艺; 手艺. • 2careful attention to details, etc 精工细作. • instrument  [‘instrumənt] n. 乐器 • clothing  [‘kləuðiŋ] n.[总称]服装，衣着 • silverware  [‘silvəweə] n.银器 • bronzeware  [‘brɔnzweə] n.青铜器 • pottery  [‘pɔtəri] n.陶器 • embroidery  [im’brɔidəri] n.刺绣

22. distinct/ di’stiŋkt/ adj • easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite 清楚的; 清晰的; 明显的; 鲜明的: The footprints are quite distinct; they must be fresh. 足迹清晰易辨, 一定是不久前留下来的. * I had the distinct impression that I was being watched. 我很明显地感觉到有人在监视我. * There was a distinct sense of embarrassment in the air. 周围的气氛中有一种明显的局促不安的感觉. • ~ (from sth)different in kind; separate 种类不同的; 分开的: Although they look similar, these plants are actually quite distinct. 尽管这些植物看起来很相似, 实际上却属於完全不同的种类. * Mozart's style is quite distinct from Haydn's. 莫扎特在风格上与海顿截然不同. * Astronomy, as distinct from astrology, is an exact science. 天文学是一门严谨的科学, 与占星术完全不同.

23. …what struck me most…: what impressed me most • It was sometime before I figured out why they all wore hats.: It took me some time to come to understand why they all wore hats. • figure sb/sth out (esp US) • (a) come to understand sb/sth by thinking 理解某人[某事物]; 弄明白: I've never been able to figure him out. 我一直不能理解他. * I can't figure out why he quit his job. 我琢磨不透他为什麽要辞掉工作.* Have you figured out what's wrong with your car?你找出你汽车的毛病了吗? • (b) discover sth by using arithmetic; calculate sth 演算出; 计算出: Have you figured out how much the holiday will cost? 你算出假期得花多少钱了吗?

24. disrespectful [disri'spektful] a.  失礼的, 无礼的, 不尊敬的 • bareheaded ['bєә'hedid] a.  不戴帽子的 • The shopkeeper didn’t mind him playing the instrument. : The shopkeeper was not displeased nor did he take offence when someone played his instrument. • A free promotion [prə’məuʃən] for the shop.: A publicity campaign that is free of charge and that is intended to increase the sales of the goods. 免费促销广告。

25. resist / rɪ’zɪst/ v • use force in order to prevent sth happening or being successful; oppose 使用武力以阻止某事物发生或取得成功; 抵抗; 对抗: He could resist no longer. 他再也抵抗不住了. * resist an enemy, attack 抵抗敌人﹑ 进攻 * He was charged with resisting arrest. 他被控拒捕. • regard (a plan, an idea, etc) unfavourably 抵制, 抗拒（计划﹑ 主张等）: resist the call for reform抗拒实行改革的号召. • be undamaged or unaffected by (sth) 不受（某事物）的损害或影响; 抗; 耐: ovenware, glass, etc that resists heat 耐热的烤箱器皿﹑ 玻璃等 * resist corrosion, damp, frost, disease抗腐蚀﹑ 防潮﹑ 防霜冻﹑ 防病. • succeed in not yielding to (sth/sb) 不屈从（某事物[某人]）; 经得住: resist temptation, chocolate 经得起诱惑﹑ 忍住不吃巧克力 * Jill couldn't resist making jokes about his baldness. 吉尔忍不住拿他的秃顶开玩笑.

26. temptation/ temp’teɪʃən/ n • [U] tempting or tempted 劝诱; 诱惑: the temptation of easy profits 容易获利的诱惑 * yield/give way to temptation 经不住诱惑 • [C] thing that tempts or attracts 有诱惑力或吸引力之物: The bag of sweets on the table was too strong a temptation for the child to resist. 桌上那包糖果对那孩子是个难以抗拒的诱惑. * Clever advertisements are just temptations to spend money. 巧妙的广告诱使人花钱.

27. Role-play • inscribe  [in’skraib] vt.题写 • cowhide  ['kauhaid] n.  牛皮 • famine [‘fæmin] n.饥荒 • divergence  [dai'vә:dʒәns] n.  分歧

28. Dialogue 2 • What if it dropped onto our house?= What would happen if it dropped onto our house? • naughty  [‘nɔ:ti] a.顽皮的，淘气的 • terrific  [tə’rifik] a.极妙的 (informal) excellent; wonderful • thrilled[θril]   If you say that someone is thrilled to bits, you are emphasizing the fact that they are extremely pleased about something. You can also say thrilled to pieces. • I was so thrilled to get a good report from him. /I'm really thrilled that the public have taken to the song. /I'm thrilled to bits to have won the cash. /He's thrilled to bits at the news. • stifle [‘staifəl] vt.闷死

29. hover/ ‘hɔvə/ v • (of birds, etc) remain in the air in one place （指鸟等）盘旋: a hawk hovering above/over its prey 在猎物头顶上盘旋的一只鹰 * There was a helicopter hovering overhead. 有一架直升飞机在头顶上盘旋. • (a) (of a person) wait in a timid and uncertain manner （指人）彷徨, 踌躇: I can't work with you hovering over me like that. 你那样拿不定主意, 我实在无法与你合作. * She's always hovering around the place annoying people. 她老是在周围转来转去打搅别人. * He hovered about outside, too afraid to go in. 他在外面犹豫徘徊, 因过於胆怯而不敢进去. • (b) remain near sth or in an uncertain state 留在某事物近旁; 维持某种不确定状态: hovering between life and death 处於生死之间 * a country hovering on the brink of war陷於战争边缘的国家.

30. Activity: Sending Gifts & Showing Delight You use descriptions and gestures to “tell” your partner the gift you prepared for him/her; If you are the guy who receives the gift, you should use the structures on Page 91 to show your gratitude and delight.

32. Listening + • Listen to the recording; • Read the passage alone; • Find out the general idea of each paragraph; • Share your understanding with your partners.

33. Sample • Para 1: An typical example of daydreaming; • Para 2: Similarities and differences between daydreaming and fantasy; • Para 3: The negative value of daydreaming; • Para 4: The positive value of daydreaming; • Para 5: The frequency of daydreaming; • Para 6: Identification of three daydreaming patterns.

34. Analysis • This text is a piece of expository writing. Expository writing usually explains an idea or discusses a problem. In expository, things can be explained by definition, clarification, classification, comparison and contrast, illustration or analysis of their cause and effect. In this text, definition, classification, contrast and illustration are employed to explain the idea of daydreaming.

35. Language Points • bud / bʌd/ n small knob from which a flower, branch or cluster of leaves develops 花蕾; （枝叶的）芽: Buds appear on the trees in spring. 春天树木发芽了. • (idm 习语) (be) in bud having or sending out buds 含苞待放中; 萌芽中: The trees and hedgerows are in bud. 大树小树都已长出嫩芽. nip sth in the bud stop or destroy sth at an early stage in its development 将某事物阻止或消灭於萌芽中: She wanted to be an actress, but her father soon nipped that idea in the bud. 她想当演员, 但她父亲一知道这个想法就阻止住了. • v (-dd-) produce buds 发芽: The trees are budding early this year. 今年树木发芽早. budding adj beginning to develop well 开始发展的: a budding novelist 崭露头角的小说家.

36. urge/ ɜ:dʒ/ n strong desire or impulse 强烈的慾望或冲动: get, have, feel, give in to a sudden urge to travel心血来潮去旅行. • v. try earnestly or persistently to persuade (sb)诚恳地或持续地催促（某人）: He urged that we should go/urged (our) going/urged us to go. 他催我们走. • ~ sth (on/upon sb/sth) recommend sth strongly with reasoning or entreaty 竭力推荐或力陈某事物: We urged caution. 我们特别提出要小心谨慎. • (phr v) urge sb on encourage or stimulate sb to do sth 鼓励或激励某人做某事: The manager urged his staff on (to greater efforts). 经理督促职员更加努力.

37. gaze/ geiz/ v • look long and steadily (at sb/sth), usu in surprise or admiration 久久地凝视, 注视（通常指因惊讶或赞赏）: She gazed at me in disbelief when I told her the news. 我告诉她这消息时, 她以怀疑的目光注视着我. * He just sat gazing into space/gazing through the window. 他只是坐着茫然地望着[呆呆地望着窗外]. • ~ on/upon sb/sth (fml 文) look at sb/sth 看某人[某事物]: She was the most beautiful woman he had ever gazed upon. 她是他所见过的最美丽的女子. • n [sing] long steady look 凝视; 端详: Under his intense gaze she felt uncomfortable. 他目不转睛地看着她, 使她觉得很不自在.

38. irresistible [iri’zistəbəl] a.无法抗拒的 • startle /‘stɑ:tl/ v • give a sudden shock or surprise to (a person or an animal); cause to move or jump suddenly (from surprise) 使（人或动物）吓一跳: You startled me I didn't hear you come in. 你吓了我一跳--我没听见你进来. * I was startled to hear his news/by his news. 我听到他的消息大吃一惊. He had a startled look on his face. 他一脸吃惊的神情.startling/’stɑ:tlɪŋ/ adj very surprising; astonishing; remarkable 令人震惊的; 惊人的: a startling result 惊人的结果 * What startling news!这消息多令人震惊啊! startlinglyadv: startlingly beautiful漂亮得出奇.

39. specific  [spi’sifik] a.特定的；具体的 • set sb off (doing sth) cause sb to start (doing sth) 使某人开始做（某事物）: Don't set him off talking politics or he'll go on all evening. 可别让他谈起政治来, 要不然他一谈就得一个晚上. • The mood of the spring day set you off into daydreaming= the warm and balmy air of the spring day made you daydream. • fantasy [‘fæntəsi] n.想象，幻想 • unconsciously [ʌn’kɔʃəsli] ad.无意识地 • psychologist  [sai’kɔlədʒist] n.心理学家 • wishful thinking: the false belief that something is true or will happen simply because one wishes it 一厢情愿，痴心妄想

40. occur [ə'kə:] v. 发生 • inner  [‘inə] a.内部的，里面的；内心的 • claim [kleim] vt.声称 • motivate / ‘məutiveit/ v • [usu passive 通常用於被动语态] be the reason for (sb‘s action); cause (sb) to act in a particular way; inspire 作为动机; 使(某人)以某方式行事: be motivated by fear受恐惧驱使. • stimulate the interest of (sb); cause to want to do sth激发(某人)的兴趣; 使欲做某事物: a teacher who can motivate her pupils (to work harder)善於诱导学生（努力学习）的教师. • motivatedadj: be highly motivated, ie very keen to do sth 有高度积极性（非常热衷於做某事物）. • motivation /məuti’ve’ʃən/n [C, U]: They lack the motivation to study. 他们缺乏学习的积极性.

41. by contrast对比之下 • stress  [stres] vt.强调: emphasize/ put emphasis on • cognitive  [‘kɔgnitiv] a.认知的，认识能力的 • get (sb) through (sth) (help sb to) be successful in or pass (an examination, a test, etc) （帮助某人）（考试﹑ 测验等）及格: Tom failed but his sister got through. 汤姆不及格, 但他妹妹及格了. * She got all her pupils through French `A' Level. 在她的帮助下, 所有学生的法语高级考试都及 格了. Get through difficult situations 度过难关 • torture  [‘tɔ:tʃə] vt./n.拷问，折磨 • deprivation  [dipri’veiʃ(ə)n] n.剥夺，丧失 • constructive  [kən’strʌktiv] a.建设性的

42. relief  [ri’li:f] n.轻松，宽慰 • a means of: …的一种方式/手段 • internal  [in’tə:nl] a.内心的，内部的 • tension  [‘tenʃən] n.紧张 • external [ik’stə:nəl] a.外部的，外面的 • aggression  [ә‘greʃәn] n.  侵犯, 冒犯 • individual [indi’vidʒuəl] n.个人(体) • frequency  [‘fri:kwənsi] n.次数，频率 • unique [ju:’ni:k] a.唯一的，独一无二的: being the only one of its type

43. pattern  [‘pætən] n.类型，模式 • identify  [ai‘dentifai] vt.  识别, 确定 • be linked to: be related to/ have something to do with • identification  [aidentifi’keiʃən] n. • personality  [pə:sə’næliti] n.人格，个性 • characterize  [‘kæriktəraiz] vt.以…为特征 • considerable  [kən’sidərəbəl] a.相当多的 • wander  [‘wɔndə] vi. 走神 • short-lived a. lasting only for a short time • extensive [ik’stensiv] a. 广泛的，大量的

44. idle / ‘aidl/ adj (-r, -st) • (a) doing or having no work; not employed 闲散的; 不工作的或没有工作的: Many people were idle during the depression. 在那萧条时期, 很多人都无事可做.(b) not active or in use 闲置的: The factory machines lay idle during the workers' strike. 在工人罢工期间, 工厂的机器都闲置着. • (of time) not spent in doing sth （指时间）空闲的: We spent many idle hours just sitting in the sun. 我们在太阳地里呆呆坐了好几个钟头. • (of people) avoiding work; lazy （指人）无所事事的, 懒散的, 懒惰的: an idle, useless student懒散﹑ 不成器的学生. • [usu attrib 通常作定语] worthless or having no special purpose or effect; useless 无价值的; 徒然的; 无效的; 无用的: idle curiosity/gossip/speculation 无聊的好奇[闲言碎语/胡思乱想] * It's idle to expect help from him. 指望他帮助只会是一场空.

45. (idm 习语) the devil makes work for idle hands (saying 谚) when people do not have enough work to do, they get into or make trouble 闲则生非. idle v • 1~ (about) do nothing; waste time; be idle 无所事事; 浪费时光; 闲荡: Stop idling and help me clean up. 别游手好闲的, 来帮我打扫打扫吧. • 2(phr v) idle sth awaywaste (time) 虚度（光阴）: idle away the hours watching TV把时间浪费在看电视上. • idler / ‘aɪdlə(r)/ n.idleness n [U].idly / ‘aɪdlɪ/ adv.

46. be riddled with self-doubt: be full of self-doubt; be completely lacking in belief in oneself and in one’s abilities [‘ridl] • interpersonal relationships[intә‘pә:sәnәl] 人际关系 • majority  [mə’dʒɔriti] n.多数 • minority  [mai’nɔriti] n.少数 • category  [‘kætigəri] n.种类，类别

47. particular [pə’tikjulə]a.特定的 • aggressive [ə’gresiv] a.侵犯(略)的,挑衅的 • tendency [‘tendənsi] n.趋向，趋势 • continually [kən’tinjuəli]ad.不断地，频繁地 • tend to倾向于: be likely to • brood  [bru:d] vi. ~ (on/over sth) think (about sth) for a long time in a troubled or resentful way忧闷地沉思（某事物）: When he's depressed he sits brooding for hours. 他消沉的时候, 就坐着沉思几小时. * It doesn't help to brood on your mistakes. 对所犯的错误耿耿於怀是无济於事的. • broodyadj (-ier, -iest) moody; depressed沮丧的; 抑郁的: Why are you so broody today?你今天为什麽这样闷闷不乐? • a range of : a series of