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Nucleus

Nucleus. Structure : Large organelle bound by double membrane. There are pores for RNA and proteins to pass through the cell, while the nuclear envelope keeps all of the chromatin (DNA) and nucleolus inside.

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Nucleus

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  1. Nucleus Structure: Large organelle bound by double membrane. There are pores for RNA and proteins to pass through the cell, while the nuclear envelope keeps all of the chromatin (DNA) and nucleolus inside. Function :Acts like the brain of the cell. It controls what the cell does. It stores DNA, the hereditary information. Location within the cell: Close to the center but never on the edge of the cell. Number: 1 nucleus Factory analogy: Main office

  2. Nucleolus Structure: not membrane bound, has granular and fibrillar components—not known how components are linked Function: to produce ribosomes Location: inside the nucleus Number: one in humans, may be more depending on species Factory analogy: maker of machinery

  3. Structure: Mitochondrion have two membranes.The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it. The inner membrane folds over many times in order to increase surface area. Function: Provides energy, they are the power centers of the cell. Location within cell: Throughout cytoplasm Number: Depends upon the metabolic requirements of that cell; may range from a single large mitochondrion to thousands Factory Analogy: Power plant Mitochondrion

  4. Chloroplast • Structure: Outer & inner membrane. Contains chlorophyll that gives plants green color. • Function: Produces sugar and oxygen by using the process of photosynthesis. • Location: Within cytoplasm, only in plant cells • Number : A single-celled plant may have one large chloroplast, the leaf cell of a multicelled plant may have as many as 20 to 100 chloroplasts. • Factory Analogy: Cafeteria

  5. Ribosomes Structure Large and small subunits, made of RNA and protein, very tiny compared to other organelles (NOT membrane bound) Function Protein synthesis Number Several thousand to a few million Location Float free in cytoplasm, also attached to ER Factory analogy Workers

  6. Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure Network of membrane bound tubules and vesicles, continuous with nuclear membrane. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes, smooth ER is not Function Protein synthesis and transport Number one network, about 10% of cell volume Location begins near nucleus, continues throughout cytoplasm Factory analogy Assembly line

  7. Golgi apparatus Structure Single membrane bound stack of 5-8 vesicles Function Combines simple molecules into macromolecules and packages them for transport to where needed—including creation of lysosomes and secretory vesicles. Works with ER and ribosomes Number 10-20 in animal cells, more and smaller in plants Location near nucleus Factory analogy Shipping department

  8. Lysosome/Peroxisome/Secretory Vesicle • Structure: A variety of small single membrane-bound organelles that are different from each other primarily in their contents. • Function: Lysosome – digests macromolecules, bacteria, old cells • Peroxisome: Protects the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide • Secretory Vesicle: Delivers products such as hormones to the cell surface to be sent outside of cell • Location: Lysosomes and secretory vesicles originate at Golgi but can travel throughout cell, peroxisome throughout cell • Number: Lysosomes -- Dozens, Peroxisome – more common than lysosomes ,Secretory vesicle – as needed • FactoryAnalogy: Lysosome, peroxisome-janitors, secretory vesicles-messengers

  9. Vacuoles • Structure There is a membrane that surrounds a certain amount of fluid. The fluid is made up of nutrients or waste products. • Function Vacuoles store food or nutrients a cell needs to survive. They can even store waste so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination. In plants, they give plants their rigidity so they don’t wilt and collapse. • Location In a plant cell, the Vacuole takes up 80-90% of the volume; in animal cells they are smaller and more numerous • Number the number will vary over time for each cell because vacuoles are created and destroyed. • Factory Analogy Storeroom

  10. Centriole/Centrosome • Structure- A centriole is a ring of 9 groups of fused microtubules. There are 3 microtubules in each group. In the complete animal cell the 2 Centrioles are arranged with one being perpendicular to the other and form the centrosome. In plant cells centrosomes have no centrioles. The microtubules and the centrioles are part of the Cytoskeleton. • Function- Produces microtubules, helps the cell when it needs to divide. • Location with in the cell- near the nucleus • Number- Two Centrosomes, each with its own pair of Centrioles. • Factory analogy for microtubules in cytoskeleton: support beams

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