Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Psychological Disorder • A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: • Atypical • not enough in itself • Disturbing • varies with time and culture • Maladaptive • harmful • Unjustifiable • sometimes there’s a good reason

3. NPR on mcniel island sex offenders

4. True or False • Researchers have found that toddlers who watch lots of TV are, at age 7, more likely than average to display ADHD symptoms • True

5. True or False • In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent. • False

6. True or False • About 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime. • False

7. True or False • Research indicates that in the United States there are more prison inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients in all the country's hospitals. • True

8. True or False • Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop the same phobias. • True

9. True or False • In North America, today's young adults are three times as likely as their grandparents to report having experienced depression. • True

10. True or False • White Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as black Americans do. • True

11. True or False • There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. • True

12. True or False • About one in four Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. • True

13. Historical Perspective • Perceived Causes • movements of sun or moon • lunacy--full moon • evil spirits • Ancient Treatments • exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

14. Psychological Disorders • Medical Model • concept that diseases have physical causes • can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured • assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

15. Psychological Disorders • Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective • assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

16. Psychological Disorders

17. Psychological Disorders – Etiology (causes) DSM-V • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) • a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

18. Psychological Disorders – Etiology (causes) • Psychotic Disorder • person loses contact with reality • experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

19. Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety, or any maladaptive behaviors that serve to reduce anxiety • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

20. Anxiety Disorders • Panic Disorder • marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

21. Anxiety Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) • Mandel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g (9 min)

22. Anxiety Disorders • PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder • High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

23. Anxiety Disorders

24. Anxiety Disorders • Phobia • persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation • Handout 13-10

25. Specific Phobia

26. Anxiety Disorders • Top Fears

27. Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes • Major Depressive Disorder • a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of: • depressed moods, • feelings of worthlessness, • diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

28. Mood Disorders • Manic Episode • a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state • Bipolar Disorder • a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania • Sometimes (formerly) called manic-depressive disorder

29. Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders-Bipolar • PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches

30. Mood Disorders-Depression

31. Mood Disorders-Depression

32. Mood Disorders- Suicide

33. Mood Disorders - Suicide(OECD)

34. Mood Disorders- Suicide • Risk Factors • Easy accessibility to firearms (!) • Mood disorders • Substance abuse • Feelings of loneliness and hopelessness • Strongest risk factor (especially in adolescents): • Previous attempts

35. Mood Disorders- Suicide • Risk Factors • Interpersonal loss • Poor social adjustment • Problems surrounding love relationships, dating, and friends • Rejection by a potential partner or loss of a romantic relationship

36. Mood Disorders- Suicide • Your Rankings • Experts’ Rankings • #2 • Previous attempt; breakup of relationship • #4 • Substance abuse; gun; giving away possessions • #3 • In treatment • #1 • Family to provide social support

37. Mood Disorders- Suicide: 10 Common Characteristics • Unendurable Psychological Pain • Not an act of hostility or revenge • A way of switching off unendurable pain • Frustrated Psychological Needs • Feeling a lack of security, achievement, trust • The Search for a Solution • Seen as a way out of a problem • An Attempt to End Consciousness • Goal is to stop awareness of pain • Helplessness and Hopelessness • A sense of powerlessness

38. Mood Disorders- Suicide: 10 Common Characteristics • Constriction of Options • Only 2 choices: total solution or total cessation • Ambivalence • Only thing to care about is life or death • Communication of Intent • About 80% give clues • Departure • Running away – it’s the ultimate escape • Lifelong coping patterns • A habit of “cutting and running” problem solving

39. Mood Disorders-Depression • Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

40. Mood Disorders-Depression • The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

41. Dissociative Disorders • Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings • Dissociative Identity Disorder • rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities • formerly called multiple personality disorder

42. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia • literal translation “split mind” • a group of severe disorders characterized by: • disorganized and delusional thinking • disturbed perceptions • inappropriate emotions and actions

43. Schizophrenia • Delusions • false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders • Hallucinations • sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

44. Schizophrenia 13-21 Magical Ideation Scale

45. Schizophrenia

46. Schizophrenia

47. Schizophrenia

48. Personality Disorders • Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning • usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

49. Personality Disorders • Antisocial Personality Disorder • (formerly sociopaths or psychopaths) • disorder in which the person (usually male) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing (no feeling of guilt), even toward friends and family members • Usually obvious before age 15 • may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qyCR9tPDgM

50. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal