Ling 411 – 15

1. Ling 411 – 15 Questions, Feedback, IssuesFunctional websQuestions from studentsOther responses to short papers

2. Question about Broca’s aphasia Broca aphasics have difficulty articulating speech. While their production is good, if they have difficulty comprehending words they omit in speech production, then how can their comprehension possibly be good?

3. More Questions How does neural firing affect a frequency of spikes? Why did humans develop both a phonics route and a whole word route? Can words represented by the phonics route have direct access to meaning?

4. Reading – relating writing to speech Phonological word image Phonemes Letters The “Phonics” route

5. Reading – relating writing to speech Phonological Graphic word image word image Letters The “whole word” route

6. Two pathways for relating writing to speech Phonological Graphic word image word image Phonemes Letters Redundancy?

7. Two pathways for relating writing to speech • The “whole word” route is necessary for • caught • island • sign • The “phonics” route is needed for long unfamiliar words • commissurectomy • prosopagnosia • magnetoencephalography

8. Pathway to meaning Conceptual information Phonological Graphic word image word image Phonemes Letters

9. Two pathways to meaning Conceptual information Another pathway Phonological Graphic word image word image Phonemes Letters

10. Evidence for direct connections between meaning and graphic form • Patient D.R.B. (above) • Judgments of synonymy better for pairs of written words than pairs of spoken words • Patient R.G.B (next slide) • Patient H.W. (904)

11. Yet more questions • How does ERPs work? • Is PET the worst imaging type still being used? If so, what makes it an attractive measurement tool? • What would happen if the wires of an MEG machine had high resistance? • Why must so many trials be conducted for each condition in an MEG test? • Is this necessity not a limitation of the MEG?

12. Two more • 15.What functions does ‘monitoring’ from the somatosensory mouth area serve? • 16.What types of associations does the angular gyrus make?

13. From another student: Cardinal nodes In the class, you mentioned that every functional web has a cardinal node. In the figure you showed in the class, it seems that all the visual nodes are connected to a visual cardinal node. I'm wondering whether there is any evidence to support this assumption about cardinal nodes. If the visual cardinal node is impaired but all the visual nodes are intact, what deficit would a patient show? In the figure, it seems that once the visual cardinal node gets damaged, there is no way to get the visual information to the upper level. Furthermore, if there is a visual cardinal node, where does it localized? in occipital lobe? which part?

14. Two different patients with anomia Inability to retrieve words for unique entities (Left temporal lobectomy) Deficit in retrieval of animal names (Damage from stroke)

15. Two more patients with anomia Deficit in retrieval of words for man-made manipulable objects (Damage from stroke) Severe deficit in retrieval of words for concrete entities (Herpes simplex encephalitis)

16. Conceptual category dissociation I(from Rapp & Caramazza 1995) • J.B.R. and S.B.Y. (905b-906a) • Herpes simplex encephalitis • Both temporal lobes affected • Could not define animate objects • ostrich, snail, wasp, duck, holly • Much better at defining inanimate objects • tent, briefcase, compass, wheelbarrow, submarine, umbrella • How to explain?

17. Conceptual category dissociation II • J.J. and P.S. (Hillis & Caramazza 1991) (906-7) • J.J. – left temporal, basal ganglia (CVA) • Selective preservation of animal concepts • P.S. – mostly left temporal (injury) • Selective impairment of animate category P.S J.J.

18. More on cardinal nodes I'm also very interested in the concept cardinal node. In the figure you presented in the class, all the cardinal nodes related to a specific concept are connected to this concept cardinal node. I have the same question for this concept cardinal node. If it gets damaged, will the person lost the concept even though all other cardinal nodes related to this concept are intact? I'm very curious about the evidence from neuropsychology.

19. Functional webs vis-à-vis the linguistic-cognitive network • Linguistic-cognitive network • The whole information system • Occupies all of both hemispheres • Plus subcortical structures • Covers all the information and skills of a person • And all the linguistic knowledge and ability • Functional web • A specific selected portion of the network that is devoted to a specific function • For example, the information and processing associated with one word

20. Pulverműller’s functional webs and enhancements • The theory of functional webs presented in class is largely in agreement with that of Pulverműller’s theory • What I presented is certain enhancements: • Clearer definition of node • Pulverműller: a group of neurons • Lamb: a cortical column • Hierarchical structure • Goes along with the general hierarchical structure of the network • Well established • Cardinal nodes • Follows from hierarchy • The node at the top of the hierarchy

21. Relationships among functional webs • How is the functional web related to the general network? • What is going on when we ignite two or more functional webs at the same time? • ‘the dog is chasing that cat’ • They are both activated, yet they must remain distinct

22. The beauty of network structure • Consider the concept black • A property of charcoal, some cats, some dresses, etc. • Therefore, it is part of the functional web for a lot of things • In a symbolic representation of linguistic-cognitive structure, it has to get repeated for each of them • In a network representation it is there only once

23. Determinacy and free-will • The issue that is hard to shake when considering these neural networks is the physical determinacy of it all. … • However, by claiming that these nodes deeper within the functional web are activated according to a causal chain of physical events- which is certainly a reasonable enough claim, to be sure- we are actually claiming further and much more profound. • If our minds are patterns of spreading physically determined activation, then only one future course of activation is possible given any particular combination of stimulations … at a particular moment. • If an alternate pattern of activations is not possible, then in at least one philosophically important sense, no such being is capable of exercising free will.

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