Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

2. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

3. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Ratio of Surface Area to Volume • As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.

4. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth • The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.

5. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Transport of Substances • Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins. • Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. • Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.

6. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Cellular Communications • The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size. • Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.

7. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Cell Cycle • Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large. • It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries. • Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.

8. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth • Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates. • Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. • Cytokinesisis the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

9. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Stages of Interphase • The first stage of interphase, G1 • The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.

10. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Second Stage of Interphase, S • The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

11. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Third Stage of Interphase, G2 • The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

12. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis The Stages of Mitosis • Prophase • The cell’s chromatin tightens. • Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. • Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.

13. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis • The nuclear envelope seems to disappear. • Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.

14. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Metaphase • Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell. • They line up in the middle of the cell.

15. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Anaphase • The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten. • The sister chromatids separate. • The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

16. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Telophase • The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax. • Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear. • The spindle apparatus disassembles.

17. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cytokinesis • In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm. • In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms. Visualizing the Cell Cycle

18. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Normal Cell Cycle • Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.

19. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Quality Control Checkpoints • The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong. • Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.

20. Cellular Reproduction • Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function. Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer • Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

21. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Causes of Cancer • The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations. • Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.

22. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Apoptosis • Programmed cell death • Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.

23. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Stem Cells • Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

24. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Embryonic Stem Cells • After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.

25. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Adult Stem Cells • Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue • Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor Cellular Reproduction

26. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

27. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is the first phase of mitosis? interphase prophase metaphase telophase

28. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Chapter Diagnostic Questions During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell? interphase metaphase anaphase telophase

29. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? cytokinesis interphase apoptosis mitosis

30. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Formative Questions Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? larger cells smaller cells cells with lower surface area to volume ratio cells shaped like a cube

31. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Formative Questions At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? cytokinesis interphase mitosis synthesis

32. Cellular Reproduction The cell grows and carries out normal The cell copies its DNA and forms The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material functions. chromosomes. divide. Chapter 9 9.1 Formative Questions What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? The cell’s cytoplasm divides.

33. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Formative Questions In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? cytokinesis interphase mitosis prophase

34. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Formative Questions Which diagram shows anaphase?

35. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Formative Questions True or False At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.

36. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Formative Questions What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle? chromatin and chromosomes cyclin and CDKs microtubules and spindle fibers protein and ribosomes

37. Cellular Reproduction food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens Chapter 9 9.3 Formative Questions Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely? chemicals such as asbestos tobacco and second-hand smoke ultraviolet radiation from the Sun

38. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Formative Questions What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA? apoptosis carcinogens cytokinesis mitosis

39. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Formative Questions Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues? apoptotic cells cancer cells prokaryotic cells stem cells

40. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Chapter Assessment Questions This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? anaphase interphase metaphase telophase

41. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Chapter Assessment Questions What term is used to describe programmed cell death? apoptosis anaphase necrosis cyclins

42. Cellular Reproduction to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane Chapter 9 Chapter Assessment Questions What is the role of cyclins in a cell? to control the movement of microtubules to signal for the cell to divide to cause the nucleolus to disappear

43. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume? C B A

44. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? G1 S G2 M

45. Cellular Reproduction formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle? formation of a cell plate formation of microtubules

46. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice True or False Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.

47. Cellular Reproduction a failure in the control mechanisms that a failure in the repair systems that fix a failure of the spindle fibers to move mutations or changes in segments of DNA regulate the cell cycle changes or damage to DNA chromosomes during mitosis that control protein production Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice Which is not a condition that can result in cancer?

48. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Glencoe Biology Transparencies

49. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Image Bank

50. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Vocabulary Section 1 cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin