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Cellular Reproduction: How Cells Receive Nutrients

Explore the role of the cell membrane in cellular reproduction, nutrient uptake, and maintaining homeostasis. Learn about passive and active transport, cell division process, and the importance of cell size.

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Cellular Reproduction: How Cells Receive Nutrients

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  1. Cellular Reproduction

  2. How Do Cells Receive Nutrients? • Cell Membrane • The membrane allows in: • Food • Water • Oxygen

  3. The Cell Membrane • Selectively permeable – allows only certain materials to pass through. • Diffusion – the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration • Osmosis – the movement of molecules from areas of higher to areas of lower concentration through the cell membrane.

  4. The Cell Membrane • Three types of solution • Hypotonic • Note: = Water = Concentration

  5. The Cell Membrane • Three types of solution • Isotonic • Note: = Water = Concentration

  6. The Cell Membrane • Three types of solution • Hypertonic • Note: = Water = Concentration

  7. The Cell Membrane • Three types of solutions • Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic • The concentration of water outside of the cell is: • Higher Same Lower

  8. The Cell Membrane • Three types of solutions • Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic • The concentration of dissolved substance outside of the cell is: • Lower Same Higher

  9. The Cell Membrane • Three types of solutions • Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic • The cell contents will: • Swell Stay the same Shrink

  10. The Cell Membrane • The concentration (amount) of dissolved substance affects the movement of water into and out of the cell.

  11. The Cell Membrane • Homeostasis – the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal balance even when the conditions around it change. • Examples: • Turgor Pressure – the force of the cell contents pushing against the cell wall

  12. The Cell Membrane • Passive Transport – the movement of substances through the cell membrane without using energy. • Active transport – the movement of molecules from areas of lower to higher concentration with the use of energy.

  13. The Cell Membrane • Protein Molecules Lipid Molecules

  14. Surface Area to Volume Ratio • Cell Diameter increases 10 times • Surface Area increases 100 times • Volume increases 1000 times

  15. Surface Area to Volume Ratio • Double the cell size (2 times) • 8 times more nutrients required • 8 times more waste to excrete • Surface area increase only 4 times • Cell starve to death or be poisoned

  16. Why is it important to have many small cells rather than one Larger cell? • Larger cell has: • Difficulty in receiving enough nutrients and oxygen • Difficulty in removing wastes • One copy of DNA

  17. Cell Division Cell divides into two daughter cells

  18. Mitosis • Process by which the nucleus of the cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell.

  19. Interphase • G1 phase • Cellular Growth • Development • S phase • DNA Replication • Protein synthesis • G2 phase • Synthesis of organelles • Materials for cell division

  20. Interphase

  21. Chromosomes • Contain the genetic information (DNA) that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

  22. Chromosomes • DNA • Proteins (histones)

  23. Chromosome Structure Sister Chromatid Centromere DNA

  24. Number of Chromosomes

  25. Prophase Longest (50 - 60%) • Appearance of chromosomes • Nucleolus disappears • Nuclear membrane breaks down • Centrioles separate and migrate to opposite poles of cell • Spindle fibers from the centrioles attach to the centromeres • Chromatin coils up (shortens) into chromosomes

  26. Prophase

  27. Metaphase • Chromosomes line up across center (equator) of cell • Spindle fibers from centromere to centrioles Shortest

  28. Metaphase Chromosome Centriole Spindle Fiber

  29. Anaphase • Sister Chromatids split at Centromere • Individual Chromosomes move toward poles • Chromatid pairs from each chromosome separate from each other • Chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the microtubules in the spindle fibers

  30. Anaphase

  31. Telophase Final Phase • Spindle fibers breakdown • Chromosomes uncoil into Chromatin • Nuclear envelope (membrane) reforms • Nucleolus becomes visible • Chromosome reach the ends of the cell • The centrioles double • The cytoplasm is divided

  32. Telophase

  33. Mitosis in Whitefish and Onion

  34. Cytokinesis • The process by which the cytoplasm divides, forming two new cells.

  35. Cytokinesis • Animals • Cell membrane • pinches inward • Plants • Cell plate

  36. Result of Mitosis Two cells that are identical to each other.

  37. Cell Theory • Developed by Robert Hooke • Came up with the name cells • Encouraged other scientists to look for cells in their research • Cell theory is made up of three main ideas:

  38. Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • Most organisms are multicellular • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms • All cell arise from existing cells • Cell theory states that a cell divides to form two identical cells

  39. Cancer

  40. “When Cell Division Goes Bad” Cancer

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