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The Stuart Monarchy: Impact on English Governance

Explore the Stuart Monarchy from James I to Charles II, including issues of divine right, civil war, and Cromwell's rule, shaping the English government.

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The Stuart Monarchy: Impact on English Governance

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  1. EnglishConstitutionalMonarchy By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY Adapted by: Mr. Reiner Kolodinski

  2. The Stuart Monarchy

  3. James I [r. 1603-1625]– House of Stuart Mary, Q of Scots son James I’s speech to the House of Commons: “I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!” Attitude = Divine Right!! Star Chamber courts used… no Parliamentary courts…

  4. James I [r. 1603-1625] • Strong Anglican • Anti-Puritan • Separatists leave England…Plymouth Pilgrims • Anti-Parliament • Customs Duties imposed ($$) to avoid Parliament • Catholic alliances • Jamestown, VA… • Anti-tobacco

  5. Ship Money Assessments, 1636[per square mile] What could account for the differences in assessments (duties / taxes) for the different regions of the country?

  6. King James Bible, 1611 Sponsored the publication of this English version of the Bible… Royal Influences

  7. Charles I [r. 1625-1649] • Anti-Parliament • Tariffs, duties, taxes and quartering troops • Petition of Right • Parliament must approve taxes • No quartering troops • No imprisonment without just cause

  8. The Petition of Rights, 1628 Nicknamed “The Stuart Magna Carta” Original Magna Carta issued 1215 Against royal abuse of power Contract between King & Nobles Limited the power of the King Guaranteed Rights… Jury, Due Process Required Parliament’s consent on taxes

  9. Charles I by Van Dyck (1633) The Many Faces of Charles I

  10. Thomas WentworthEarl of Stafford • Hired by Charles I to raise money for the crown • Centralized government • Sought new revenue sources • Enforced and extended laws • Angered Parliament and the people

  11. Archbishop William Laud • Forced religious conformity in Britain • Book of Common Prayer • Puritans & Presbyterians protested • Scots rebelled… $ req’d • “Short Parliament” • “Power of the Purse” • Parliament seeks cooperation • Charles dissolves Parliament

  12. The Long Parliament 1640-1660 • Charles I called on Parliament for military operation funding vs. Scots in rebellion • Parliament religiously & politically divided • Parliament suspended royal decrees • Laud & Wentworth impeached AND executed by Parliament • Parliament invaded by Charles I & then passes Military Ordinance >> civil war!

  13. Allegiance of Members of the Long Parliament (1640-1660)

  14. English Civil War (1621-1649) Royalists(Cavaliers) Parliamentarians(Roundheads) • House of Lords • N & W England • Aristocracy • Large landowners • Church officials • More rural, less prosperous • House of Commons • S & E England • Puritans • Merchants • Townspeople • More urban , more prosperous

  15. Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658]The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660] • Roundheads prevail in Civil War • Inspired Thomas Hobbes – “Leviathan” • Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan Republic aka Commonwealth (1649-1653) • Abolished House of Lords, monarchy & official church • Executed Charles I publicly • Conquered Scotland & Ireland… BRUTAL TACTICS used • Disbanded Parliament 1653

  16. Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658]The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660] • The Protectorate (1654-60) = dictatorship • Cromwell is Lord Protector • Strict Puritan rule • Prohibited theatre, dance, alcohol, etc. • Limited rights • Religious conformity • Ended 1658 @ Cromwell’s death

  17. New Model Army Soldier’s Catechism • Puritan Rule or else • Atrocities vs. Irish Catholics • Military rule = martial law • Limited Freedoms

  18. The Public Beheading of Charles I Why is this execution so significant?

  19. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] The Restoration Period • Had charm, poise, & political skills. • Restored the theaters, reopened the pubs and brothels closed during the Cromwell’s Protectorate Era • Favored religious toleration. • Secret Catholic sympathies. • Avoided father’s mistakes

  20. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] • 1661  “Cavalier” Parliament [Royalists] • Disbanded the Puritan army. • Pardoned most Puritan rebels. • Restored the authority of the Church of England. • 1662  Clarendon Code [Act of Uniformity] • Anglican religious conformity = All had to use the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. • Forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities… Catholics, Presbyterians, Jews

  21. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] • American “Restoration Colonies”= “Carolinas” • 1673 Test Act • Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions…“Puritan Radicals” / “Catholic Traitors” 1679 Habeas Corpus Act!! (still in use) • Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus = govt. must explain why imprisoned.

  22. Charles II’s Foreign Policy 1665 – 1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War • Uses Louis XIV as ideal ally against the Dutch… shows pro-Catholic sympathies, $$ to be made! • 1670  Treaty of Dover = E + F vs. Dutch • Declaration of Indulgence rescinds Clarendon Code

  23. “The Popish Plot 1678” • Titus Oates swore Catholics were plotting to assassinate King Charles II • Parliament believed…Hysteria… innocent RCs died… plot proved to be a lie • Oates condemned & humiliated

  24. King James II [r. 1685-1688] • Bigoted convert to Catholicism • Lacked shrewdness or ability to compromise • Alienated even the Tories. • Provoked revolution by his attitude

  25. King James II [r. 1685-1688] • Put Catholics into theHigh Command of both thearmy and navy. • Stationed “standing army” outside of London. • Surrounded himself with Catholic advisors & attackedAnglican control of theuniversities. • Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament. • 1687  Declaration of Liberty of Conscience • He extended religious toleration to RC’s without Parliament’s approval or support.

  26. The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688 • Whig & Tory leaders offer the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange. • He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV. • He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause. • English Protestants support this

  27. English Bill of Rights [1689] • Constitutional Monarchy • Settled all major issues between King & Parliament. • Served as a model for the U.S. Bill of Rights. • Basis for the steady expansion of civil liberties of 18c and early 19c England.

  28. English Bill of Rights [1689] • Main provisions: • The King could not suspend laws. • The King could not interfere with course of justice. • No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. • Freedom of speech in Parliament. • Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. • Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. • The monarch must be a Protestant. • Freedom from arbitrary arrest. • Censorship of the press was dropped. • Religious toleration.

  29. Age of Walpole (PM) • Last Stuart ruler, Queen Anne childless • “House of Hanover” (German) begins to rule England b/c… • Act of Settlement 1701 orderly shift in power if K/Q are childless… • King George I becomes king 1714 • Robert Walpole becomes PM • England flourished under his leadership in the 1700s • Maintained peace, increased trade

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