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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. EFFECTIVE SENTENCES. Learning Objectives. 1. To identify the elements that make sentences complete. 2. To identify and correct sentence faults. 3. To compose sentences that express their intended meaning. Sentence Construction. A sentence is a group of related words that

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 EFFECTIVE SENTENCES

  2. Learning Objectives 1 To identify the elements that make sentences complete 2 To identify and correct sentence faults 3 To compose sentences that express their intended meaning

  3. Sentence Construction • A sentence is a group of related words that • Contains a subject and a predicate • Forms an independent clause • Expresses a complete thought • PREDICATE • Simple predicate • Complete predicate • Refer to CHECKPOINT 2. • SUBJECT • Simple subject • Complete subject • Refer to CHECKPOINT 1.

  4. Sentence Faults • Fragment—a “piece” of a sentence but not a complete sentence Refer to CHECKPOINT 3. • Comma splice—two or more independent clauses incorrectly connected (spliced) by a comma • Run-on sentence—two or more independent clauses joined without appropriate punctuation to separate the clauses

  5. Comma Splice and Run-On Remedies Refer to CHECKPOINT 4. Refer to Application 12-1 through 12-3.

  6. Sentence Coherence Place modifiers correctly. Ensure clear pronoun-antecedent references. Use parallel construction. Choose appropriate words.

  7. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers • A misplaced modifier modifies the wrong word or phrase. • A dangling modifier occurs when an introductory verbal phrase does not modify the logical subject of the independent clause that follows. Refer to CHECKPOINT 5.

  8. Pronoun-Antecedent Reference • An antecedent is the noun to which a pronoun refers. • A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in • Person • Number • Gender Refer to CHECKPOINT 6.

  9. Parallelism and Word Choice • A parallel sentence joins equal elements and places conjunctions near joined elements. • Correct, familiar, and gender-free words aid coherence. • Select correct words for accurate messages. • Use familiar words for better understanding. • Replace gender-biased language to avoid distraction and stereotyping. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 7 through 10. Refer to APPLICATIONS 12-4 through 12-7.

  10. Additional Characteristics of Effective Sentences Positive tone Active voice Specific words Concise expressions Refer to CHECKPOINTS 11 through 14.

  11. More Guidelines for Writing Effective Sentences • Indicate the importance of an idea by using appropriate clause types and sentence structure. • Vary sentence structure and sentence length to maintain receiver interest. Refer to CHECKPOINT 15. Refer to APPLICATIONS 12-8 through 12-10. Refer to CHAPTER 12 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE.

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