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Ethics: The Study of Right and Wrong. The Ancients (5th-4th Centuries BC) Socrates, Plato, Aristotle The Moderns (17th-19th Centuries) Descartes, Hume, Kant Contemporary Schools(20th Century) Positivism, Existentialism, Pragmatism. Instructions:
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Ethics:The Study of Right and Wrong • The Ancients (5th-4th Centuries BC) • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • The Moderns (17th-19th Centuries) • Descartes, Hume, Kant • Contemporary Schools(20th Century) • Positivism, Existentialism, Pragmatism
Lowell Kleiman • Instructions: • Delete sample document icon and replace with working document icons as follows: • Create document in Word. • Return to PowerPoint. • From Insert Menu, select Object… • Click “Create from File” • Locate File name in “File” box • Make sure “Display as Icon” is checked. • Click OK • Select icon • From Slide Show Menu, Select Action Settings. • Click “Object Action” and select “Edit” • Click OK Descriptive Ethics: The Study of Actual Codes of Conduct • History • Cross-Cultural Anthropology • Ethnic Studies
Normative Ethics:The Study of the Universally Valid Code ofConduct Ethnocentrism There is a Universally Valid Code. We have it. The Ethnocentric Fallacy Error of Judging Others By Standard Not Their Own Mathematics as a Normative Model Mathnocentrism The Mathnocentric Fallacy? Moral Skepticism Metaphysical Certainty Common Sense Fallibility Lowell Kleiman • Instructions: • Delete sample document icon and replace with working document icons as follows: • Create document in Word. • Return to PowerPoint. • From Insert Menu, select Object… • Click “Create from File” • Locate File name in “File” box • Make sure “Display as Icon” is checked. • Click OK • Select icon • From Slide Show Menu, Select Action Settings. • Click “Object Action” and select “Edit” • Click OK
Ethical Theory • Religious Authoritarianism • It is right if sanctioned by deity. • Is something right because God says so, or does God say so because it is right? • Individualism • Egotism If it suits me, it is right. • Egoism If it suits the agent, it is right. • The Prisoner’s Dilemma • Morality as a set of agreements that optimize, not maximize, self-interest.
Ethical Theory (Cont.) • Utilitarianism • Act It is right if it leads to more good than harm. • Rule It is right if it leads to more good than harm as a rule. • Traditional Moralism • Established Morality It is right if it is the custom.
Traditional Moralism (Cont.) The Categorical Imperative If it is right, it is universalizable; It treats others as an end-in-themselves, not just as a means to an end; It is motivated by a sense of duty defined by the moral law. Pragmatism If, at the end of inquiry, we say it is right, it is right. From moral skepticism to common sense fallibilism as practical necessity. Ethical Theory (Cont.)
Applied Ethics • Biomedical • Business • Legal • Science • Virtual (Computer) Ethics
Lowell Kleiman • Instructions: • Delete sample document icon and replace with working document icons as follows: • Create document in Word. • Return to PowerPoint. • From Insert Menu, select Object… • Click “Create from File” • Locate File name in “File” box • Make sure “Display as Icon” is checked. • Click OK • Select icon • From Slide Show Menu, Select Action Settings. • Click “Object Action” and select “Edit” • Click OK MetaEthics: The Study of the Foundations of Normative Ethics • Subjectivism Morality as in the eye of the beholder. • Objectivism Morality as a matter of fact. • Positivism Morality as venting.
