Trading states in Africa

1. Trading states in Africa Chapter 11

2. Early civilizations of Africa Section 1

3. Sahara • Who: Africans • What: the largest desert in the world, a geographic feature in the great variety of African landscapes • Where: Northern Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: this desert plays a major role in the development of Africa & it’s trading kingdoms that develop

4. Sahara (6) • Who: Africans • What: the largest desert in the world; just one geographic feature in the great variety of African land • Where: North Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: the geographic features of this area played a major role in the development of Africa

5. Sahara (7) • Who: Africans • What: largest desert in the world; just one of the many geographic features of Africa • Where: Northern Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: this desert played a major role in the development of N. Africa = desert = not a lot of vegetation = lower population; trade routes went through here

6. Savannahs (6) • Who: Africans • What: grassy plains, make up the continent’s largest & most populated regions • Where: Central & South Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: this area had the most vegetation = food = larger population; this geographic region affected how/where ppl lived

7. Savannas (7) • Who: Africans • What: grassy plains, the continent’s largest & most populated regions • Where: Central & South Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: these grassy plains had a lot of vegetation = food = people = most populous regions of Africa

8. Cataracts (6) • Who: Africans • What: waterfalls on high plateaues • Where: Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: these hindered easy movement from place to place in Africa, acted as barriers = travel from place to place was hard

9. Cataracts (7) • Who: Africans • What: waterfalls that hindered movement throughout Africa • Where: high plateaus of Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: these served as barriers to trade= they hindered easy movement of ppls from place to place

10. Workbook pg 98 • I. • A. • 1. Sahara- largest desert in the world, shapes Africa = not as many ppl live here b.c. of desert • 2. Savannahs- grassy plains w. vegetation = most populous region • 3. Cataracts- hindered movement throughout Africa, acted as barriers

11. I. • B. • 1. Minerals (salt, gold, copper ,iron) showed wealth & power = trade increased • 2. Camels could travel long distances w.o water & could carry heavy loads = trade increased

12. Savannah • Who: Africans • What: grassy plains, Africa’s largest & most populated region • Where: Central & South Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: moving north & south throughout Africa, this is the continent’s most populated region b.c. of all the vegetation

13. Cataracts • Who: Africans • What: waterfalls on high plateaus • Where: Africa • When: 730 BC- present • Why: these hindered easy movement throughout the continent b.c. they were difficult to cross = limits travel

14. Workbook pg 98 • I. • A. Geographic patterns • Sahara- desert region in the North (not a lot of ppl live here); Savannahs- most populated due to a lot of vegetation = food • Cataracts, (waterfalls)- restrict people from moving about the continent B. Resources spur trade - Salt, gold, iron & copper were valuable = great wealth & power = trade throughout Africa - Camels allowed more trade through the desert b.c. they were able to carry heavy loads & go long times w.o water= trade increased through the Sahara

15. Desertification • Who: Africans • What: a climate change that slowly dried out the Sahara, cropland & pastureland are devoured/destroyed • Where: Northern Africa, Sahara desert • When: 2500 BC • Why: as the land became parched, the desert spread; the desertification led to migration b.c.pplhad to find new areas to live in that maintained their way of life

16. II. Part A. • 1) Hunters & gatherers settled down & learned to cultivate the Nile Valley & domesticate animals • 2)Sahara used to be covered with rich grasslands & savannah = ppl lived here • 3)Desertification- dried out vegetation = ppl migrated (leave) • 4) Ppl leave to find new areas that maintain their ways of life

17. II. Part B • 1. People migrated all throughout Africa = diverse cultures/languages- root language = Bantu • 2. The Bantu spread their skills/language & merge with other groups; still there today

18. Bantu • Who: Africans • What: the root language of the African languages • Where: Africa, W. Africa • When: 1000BC- present • Why: gives the movement “Bantu migrations” its’ name; Bantu-speakers spread their skills of farming, iron working, & domesticating animals; other existing cultures merged w. Bantu; their influence is still in the languages of that region today

19. Nubia • Who: Egyptians, Nubian, Northeast Africans • What: ancient kingdom called Kush • Where: Egypt, northeast Africa, on the Nile • When: 2700 BC • Why: this kingdom was flourishing, trade led to contact b/n Nubia & Egypt; Nubia was under Egyptian control & remained that way for about 500 years = Nubia adopted several Egyptian traditions

20. Meroe

21. Kingdoms of West Africa Section 2

22. Surplus • Who: African Farming Villagers • What: Extra Resources for more than was needed • Where: Africa • When: 100 A.D. • Why: Development of trade allowed the villages to keep more resources. They began to trade their food surplus for products from other villages. This led to an increase in trade.

23. Commodity • Who: Africans • What: Valuable products • Where: Africa • When: 730 B.C.-1591 A.D. • Why: People needed salt in their diet, especially in hot tropical areas to replace the salt lost from perspiration. Salt was important for the use of food and preservation. The Sahara had an abundance of salt. The Savannah didn’t have enough salt=commodity for them=Trade.

24. WK sheet #2 • Cause=Salt is needed for diet and food preservation. • Salt is a commodity esp. for the Savannah. • Effect=Trade, the Savannah doesn’t have enough=willing to trade gold for salt.

25. Ghana • Who: Africans, Soninke people • What: It’s a kingdom from many united farming villages. • Where: West Africa • When: 800 A.D.

26. Sundiata • Who: Sundiata, ruler of Mali • What: sickly boy regarded as too weak to be a threat, crushed his enemies & created the kingdom of Mali • Where: Egypt/Mali • When: 1235-1255 • Why: he crushed his enemies, ran control of the gold trade routes in Africa, & founded the empire of Mali

27. Mali • Who: Sundiata • What: empire, gold trade route was here • Where: W. Africa • When: 1235-1450 • Why: Gold trade routes & salt supplies expanded here; caravan routes made small towns into great trading cities = many people wanted to live here = freedom of religion & tolerance

28. Mansa Musa • Who: greatest ruler of the kingdom of Mali • What: greatest ruler of Mali who improved it; converted to Islam • Where: Mali, West Africa • When: 1312-1337 • Why: expanded Mali’s borders west to Atlantic ocean & north; ensured peace & order in his empire; converted to Islam = based system of justice on Quran; promoted religious freedom & tolerance; created alliances w. other Muslim states; brought back Muslim scholars to promote Islamic education in Mali = a lot of West Africa is Islamic today

29. Songhai • Who: Sunni Ali, Askia Muhammad • What: a new Muslim kingdom in West Africa as Mali was weakening, capital= Goa • Where: present-day Mali & Niger, W. Africa • When: 1464- • Why: • Sunni Ali (at the height) made trade routes (gold & salt) & wealthy cities; professional army protected the empire; provincial governors presided over local states; • Askia: efficient bureaucracy w. separate departments for farming, military, & treasury; disputes over Askia’s leadership after he died = changes in leadership = civil war & unrest • Moroccan invaders used gunpowder to take over

30. Kingdoms & trading states of EastAfrica Section 3

31. Axum

32. Adulis

33. Ethiopia

34. King Lalibela

35. Swahili

36. Great Zimbabwe