African Trading States

1. African Trading States Swahili States, Great Zimbabwe, Mali, and Songhay

2. Geography • Savannas-vast stretches of grasslands • Tropical rain forests- receive over 100 inches of rain a year and include areas of jungle • Jungles- dense tangles of plants and trees that grow wherever sunlight reaches

10. Lakes • Lake Chad • Lake Victoria-the source of the Nile in southern Uganda

11. Lake Victoria

12. Victoria Falls

13. Bantu • Bantu originated in west-central Sub-Saharan Africa • Linguists have determined the migration of Sub-Saharan people by following the growth of Bantu Sub-Saharan Africa

14. The Power of Words • The history and culture of Africa has been discovered through oral traditions. • Storytelling, poems, and songs passed by word of mouth.

15. Where we left off… • End of Aksum kingdom, 700s A.D. • Major African trading states emerged 700s A.D. • Gold, ivory, hides, tortoise shells, and imported porcelain and weapons and sold slaves

16. The Price of Ivory

18. Poaching as seen from the air

22. Swahili • Muslim settlers from Persia and Arabia • Swahili emerged in East Africa • Spoke a Bantu language with Persian and Arabic influences • Cities: Mogadishu, Pate and Mombasa Ladysmith Black Mambazo

24. Trade Emerges • Gold trade went from central Africa to the coast • Tribes competed for control of the mining and trade of gold • Shona gained control of trade and mines • Great Zimbabwe- Shona fortress African Woman Adorned in Gold

25. Shona Medicine Man

26. Great Enclosure in Zimbabwe

28. West Africa • Important to control trade routes in Sahara (gold, salt) • Gold-for-salt exchange prominent in West Africa • Rulers led elaborate ceremonies and administered justice Salt Caravan

29. Modest vs. Elaborate

30. African Christian Kingdoms • Christian kingdoms of Nubia and Ethiopia resisted Muslim encroachment • Practiced Coptic version of Christianity

31. Ghana • Est. 300s A.D. in Sahel grasslands of Africa • Converted to Islam in the 10th century • First great west African empire • Took part in gold-for-salt trade and developed agriculture on the Niger River

32. Ghanaian Kings • Powerful and wealthy • Ghana peaked around A.D. 1050 • Most powerful kings, Tunka Manin, ruled 1067 A.D. • Manin led 200,000 warriors • 1076 Berbers launched jihad into African grasslands (Mali)

33. Sudanic States • Effective control of subordinate societies and control of their sovereignty defines an empire • Ghana, Mali, and Songhay fit that

34. Mali • Mali, created by Malinke in 13th century • Agricultural, Islamicized, and depended on gold reserves • Juula- Malinke merchants • Sundiata, founder of Mali’s empire was celebrated by griots, Malian story tellers and Ibn Battuta

35. Mali Mansa Mūsā • Region was once Ghana and upper Niger River • Peaked under Mansa Mūsā in early 1300s • Mansa Mūsā took pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 • Mūsā favored education and built a university in Timbuktu => succession dispute • 1468 A.D. Sonni ‘Alī took over and set up Songhai kingdom Sonni ‘Alī

37. Jenne Mosque in Timbuktu

39. Present-day Timbuktu

40. Ancient Mali

41. Songhai • Sonni ‘Alī expanded the kingdom extensively • Military, territory, education, and buildings • Mohammed I Askia- heir • Under Askia, Timbuktu became major trading center • Declined after Askia’s death due to tribal warfare

42. Niger River