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Learning to Speak, Speaking to Learn:

Learning to Speak, Speaking to Learn:. Defenses and Denials. Responding to the Speaker. Play nice Listen carefully and take notes Be clear about what you are referring to in the presentation Make sure your question/comment is clear Listen to the answer carefully and follow up if necessary.

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Learning to Speak, Speaking to Learn:

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  1. Learning to Speak, Speaking to Learn: Defenses and Denials

  2. Responding to the Speaker • Play nice • Listen carefully and take notes • Be clear about what you are referring to in the presentation • Make sure your question/comment is clear • Listen to the answer carefully and follow up if necessary

  3. Defending Your Argument Arguments are questioned for 1 of 4 reasons: 1. They are inaccurate

  4. Defending Your Argument Arguments are questioned for 1 of 4 reasons: 1. They are inaccurate. 2. They are misunderstood.

  5. Defending Your Argument Arguments are questioned for 1 of 4 reasons: 1. They are inaccurate. 2. They are misunderstood. 3. They are highly complex.

  6. Defending Your Argument Arguments are questioned for 1 of 4 reasons: 1. They are inaccurate. 2. They are misunderstood. 3. They are highly complex. 4. They are contestable.

  7. Inaccuracies • Find multiple sources • Vet your sources • Clear up contradictions • Look closely at unlikely evidence

  8. Misunderstandings • Identify your most complex or ambiguous argument points. • Consider changes of organization and wording or using visual aids to make your meaning clear. • Use repetition and emphasis strategically

  9. Complexity • Identify your most complex or ambiguous argument points. • Consider changes of organization and wording or using visual aids to make your meaning clear. • Use repetition and emphasis strategically

  10. Counterarguments • Identify and research common counterarguments and prepare rebuttal • Identify stock issues which must be proven and make sure those issues are addressed specifically and with evidence. • Identify portions of argument likely to raise attention and/or doubt and be prepared to defend them with evidence.

  11. Defenses Aren’t Acts of War • Discussion is appropriate and useful. • Identify portions of your presentation that the audience will find interesting or provocative. • Have questions ready for your responders. • Be ready to say more about interesting evidence or points.

  12. Coaching • Make it a gradual process. • Make it a general responsibility. • Make them write it down.

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