Americans on the European Front Notes

1. Americans on the European Front Notes Angela Brown Chapter 10 Section 3

2. http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great%http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great% 20war%20%20pages/great%20war%20map%2001.htm

3. http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/greathttp://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great %20war%20%20pages/great%20war%20map%2002.htm

4. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/pershing-port.jpg Preparing for Action • Despite preparedness U.S. not ready to send troops to European front in April 1917. • Sent naval support, supplies, arms, $3 billion in loans, and a token force of 14,500 men led by General Pershing to boost allied morale. • Pershing recommended army should number 1 million by 1918 and 3 million by 1919.

5. Draftees and Volunteers • 1917 – U.S. 120,000 enlisted men and 80,000 national guardsmen • May 1917 Congress passed a Selective Service Act authorizing a draft of young men for military services • “War to end all Wars” resulted in wide acceptance of program

6. Nov 1918 – 24 million men registered for draft. • A lottery picked 3 million draftees • Draftees, volunteers, National Guardsmen made up American Expeditionary Force (AEF).

7. http://archives.queensu.ca/wwi/images/XMASHospital2.jpg • 11,000 women volunteered in uniform as nurses, drivers, and clerks • Another 14,000 women served abroad as civilians working for the government or for private agencies.

8. http://www.met.police.uk/history/images/030822.jpg http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif http://www.goingpostal.cc/PropagandaT-shirts/Big/LandArmy2.jpg

9. The Convoy System • U.S. troops were kept separate from allied troops and the more than 300,000 African American Soldiers • (4,000 African American troops killed/wounded most never saw combat) • Marines refused African Americans completely/navy minor tasks/ Army manual labor – frustrated African Americans

10. 369th infantry – Harlem Hell Fighters – officers agreed to loan to French Army who integrated regiment • Received highest combat medal –French Croix de Guerre http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/integrate/harlem.jpg

11. http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/lenin.gif Turning The Tide of War • Nov 1917, Bolsheviks, followers of Vladimir Lenin, violently overthrew Russia’s government. • Lenin promised peace with Germany if in control. • Germany aided his return from Switzerland

12. March 3, 1918 – Lenin made peace with Germany. • Freed Germany from two- front war • turned all energy toward French • British lines (broke through – 50 miles from Paris by June 3)

13. Americans Save Paris • Brigadier General, James G. Harbord, stated “We dig no trenches to fall back on. The marines will hold where they stand.” • Blunted edge of German advance, began to turn the tide of war – lost ½ of troops

14. Allied Counterattack • Used new weapon… the tank • Aug. 8, Battle of Amiens, Allies stopped German advance once and for all. • Allies insisted on total surrender. • Allies used airplanes to drop bombs, aerial dogfights, “Aces”. • Bombing raids would become a devastating weapon in the future. http://www.fiddlersgreen.net/AC/aircraft/MoraneSaulnier -Bullet/bullet_info/pegoud_morane.jpg

15. The Red Baron • Rittmeister Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen • In a time of wooden and fabric aircraft, when twenty air victories insured a pilot legendary status and the coveted Pour Le Mérite (the famous "Blue Max") , Richthofen had eighty victories, and is regarded to this day as the ace of aces.

16. http://worldroots.com/brigitte/gifs3/redbaron.jpg http://files.blog-city.com/files/aa/47577/p/f/lg1046curse_you_red_baron.jpg http://majpalmer.com/horst/baron%202004-01-19%2009-11-07-31_small.jpg http://www.fokkerdr1.com/Arrtwork/Red%20Baron%20Morn_Art.jpg

17. http://storeforknowledge.com/images/ACF1AE7.jpeg

18. http://www.ultralightflyer.com/images/nieuport12.jpg http://www.windsockdatafilespecials.com/zepcovbig.jpg

19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:York.jpg Corporal Alvin York • York, TN mountains, turkey hunter • Applied to be classified conscientious objector. • Someone who refuses to serve in the military because of religious beliefs, denied, drafted. • Took part in Meuse-Argonne offensive (final allied assault – 1 million AEF)

20. Patrol tried to destroy German machine gun nest. • lost ½ troops the remainder took cover • York continued on his own. • killed 25 and captured 132 German soldiers • (Congressional Medal of Honor – French Croix de Guerre)

21. http://www.memoriallibrary.com/MI/Livingston/WWI/Red/redcross.jpghttp://www.memoriallibrary.com/MI/Livingston/WWI/Red/redcross.jpg Ending the War • Armistice, or ceasefire – Kaiser fled to Holland • Nov 11, 1918 guns fell silent • 500,000 Americans died in Battle • Many more of disease…Influenza • (Red Cross – nurses reduced # a great deal)

22. http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/christy7.jpg http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3g00000/3g09000/3g09800/3g09863v.jpg http://images.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_SM/0027-0605-2411-0925_SM.jpg

23. Total death toll – 8 million soldiers/sailors – averages 5,000 soldiers a day • Most of fighting took place in Europe – battles in Africa and the Middle East • Millions of civilians died – starvation, disease, or war-related injuries

24. Genocide – organized killing of an entire people • Ottoman forces deported and murdered Armenians (suspected of disloyalty to government) continued into early 20s.