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FROM DETENTE TO THE END OF THE BLOCS1962-1991

FROM DETENTE TO THE END OF THE BLOCS1962-1991. Introduction The Cuban crisis had been a turning point. After 1962, international relationships went from peaceful coexistence to a total disappearance of the blocs. - 1962-1975 : Détente -1975-1985 : Re-appearance of tensions: Cold Peace

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FROM DETENTE TO THE END OF THE BLOCS1962-1991

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  1. FROM DETENTE TO THE END OF THE BLOCS1962-1991

  2. Introduction The Cuban crisis had been a turning point. After 1962, international relationships went from peaceful coexistence to a total disappearance of the blocs. -1962-1975: Détente -1975-1985: Re-appearance of tensions: Cold Peace -1985: Disintegration of the Soviet bloc to the end of the Cold War in 1991

  3. I/ Détente A/ Factors of Détente -balance of terror, brinkmanship and need to decrease military spending ( Johnson’s Great society program) -New leaders: Nixon’s realpolitik elected 1972/ Brejnev appointed 1964/ Brejnev doctrine 1968 -This led to the Condominium: the two Big rule the world together

  4. B/ Signs of Détente 1) Brandt’s Ostpolitk • During 1960s, Willy Brandt Chancellor of West Germany formed closer ties with Communist East Germany: Ostpolitik • 1972, East & West Germany formally recognised each other’s frontiers • Trade links: a policy of overture towards Eastern Europe 1969-1974- Under Gustav Heinemann’s presidency SPD

  5. B/ Signs of Détente 2)Arms limitation • 1963 ( Moscow),1968 (Washington) USA & USSR begin arms negotiations • 1972, SALT 1 signed: Both sides had to limit numbers of nuclear weapons & warheads • 1979 SALT II, agreement reached though never came into effect American cartoon from 1973

  6. What does the source tell us about SALT 1 agreements of 1972?

  7. B/ Signs of Détente 3) Cooperation July 1975, Apollo & Soyuz spacecrafts docked in space & astronauts met together Détente between the USA and China: Ping Pong diplomacy ( US players invited in China), 1972 Nixon visited China ( 1st US president), US accepted Communist China as representative at UN. Trade talks/ Kissinger Badge worn by astronauts during the space link-up.

  8. B/ Signs of Détente 4) Helsinki conference 1975( CSCE) • Greater freedom for Western journalists & guarantees of basic human rights • 35 countries (including USA & USSR) signed Helsinki Agreement • West recognised frontiers of Eastern Europe & Soviet ‘sphere of influence’ • Soviets agreed to buy US grain & export oil to West

  9. C/ Limits of Détente -The Vietnam War -De Gaulle’s national independence policy -1967 Sino-Russian split: January Red Guards besieged the Soviet Embassy in Beijing/ Peking -1968: the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia

  10. II/ 1975-1985 Cold Peace • A/ At first a weak US diplomacy… • 1) Impact of the watergate • On August 8, 1974, Nixon resigned the presidency. • Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned after being charged with cheating on his taxes and taking payments in return for political favors. • Nixon chose Gerald R. Ford to replace Agnew. • Ford was the Republican leader in the House of Representatives. • When Nixon resigned, Ford became president. • He was the first person ever to become president without having been elected either president or vice-president.

  11. II/ 1975-1985 Cold Peace A/ At first a weak US diplomacy… 2) Carter’s diplomacy: SUCCESSES Jimmy Carter ( democrat) used his reputation for honesty to win the presidency in 1976. Carter wrote to Brezhnev about his concerns with Soviet human rights issues. Brezhnev ignored him. Camp David Accords: Conflict between Egypt and Israel continued. ( occupation Sinai) Carter guided Anwar el-Sadat and Menachem Begin to a historic agreement :the Camp David Accords.

  12. 3) Carter’s diplomacy: FAILURES Concluded SALT II talks in 1979 that limited nuclear weapons- Failed 1979: Soviets invaded Afghanistan to ensure continued Communist rule in the country. Carter blocked shipment of grain to the Soviet Union and said the United States would boycott the 1980 Olympics. Revolution in Iran overthrew the shah and replaced him with the Ayatollah Khomeini. The American government allowed the shah to enter the United States for medical treatment—this action enraged many Iranians. Attack on the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages: 444 days ( Nov. 79- Jan 81)

  13. II/ 1975-1985 Cold Peace B/ Soviet expansionism The USSR tried to spread its sphere of influence: -by supporting newly independent African socialist regimes like in Angola in 1975 or in Ethiopia in 1977. -by helping communists groups: Vietnam invaded in 1975, Laos and Cambodia in 1979, in Nicaragua Soviets helped the Sandinistas - the USSR invaded Afghanistan.” Soviet Vietnam”-1979. Quagmire

  14. C/ Reagan’s reply during his first term • : 80-84/81-85 • In his first term, Reagan rejected the policies of containment and détente: he wanted to destroy communism.” Evil Empire” • Reagan obtained massive increases in military spending. • Much of the new spending went to nuclear weapons. • Promoted the Strategic Defense initiative (SDI)—a shield in space to protect the United States against incoming Soviet missiles. Star Wars • 1979 “Euro missiles” in NATO countries- Pershing II

  15. III/ After 1985: to the end of the blocs A/Gorbachev to power 1985: more openness Perestroika • Gorbachev began the process of perestroika, the “restructuring” the country • Dismantled the Soviet central planning system • Allowed multiparty elections • Withdrew from Afghanistan • Visited with China to ease tensions between the nations • Free market economy Glasnost • Gorbachev announced a new era of glasnost, or “opening.” • Lifted media censorship, allowing public criticism of the government • Gorbachev held press interviews. • KGB’s files opened.

  16. B/ How did Gorbachev improve relations with the US? • 1985, Gorbachev & Reagan met at Geneva to discuss arms reduction • 1987, Gorbachev & Reagan signed a treaty to remove medium range nuclear weapons from Europe ( euro missiles) • SALT developed into START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) 1991 Geneva meeting

  17. C/ The collapse of the Soviet bloc1/ Roots • The call for glasnost and perestroika awakened a spirit of nationalism in the nations of Eastern Europe. • Gorbachev knew the USSR could no longer support Eastern European economies. • Revolutions swept across Eastern Europe in 1989 • “Gorbi” did not oppose any of them

  18. C/ The collapse of the Soviet bloc2/ Revolutions in Eastern Europe • Solidarity forced the government to hold elections. • Lech Walesa became Poland’s president in 1990. Poland • Communist leader, Imre Pozgay accepted need for reform- Hungary • The nonviolent velvet revolution swept the Communists from power in November 1989. • Writer Vaclav Havel became president.( Dubcek in gov)1991 Czechoslo vakia • Violent revolution brought down Nicolae Ceausescu, one of the Soviet bloc’s cruelest dictators. Romania

  19. C/ The collapse of the Soviet bloc3/ Germany • 1000s fleeing every year by 1989 • Demonstrations in E. German cities • Erich Honecker’s troops refused to shoot protestors • Honecker forced to agree to reforms • Nov 1989, Berlin Wall pulled down • Oct 1990 Germany reunified

  20. C/ The collapse of the Soviet bloc4/ The USSR 1991, G. under house arrest by hard-line Communists Boris Yeltsin, an advocate of market economy & reform, gathered support from Russians to resist the coup Coup demonstrated the unpopularity of Communism & popularity of reformers Boris Yeltsin new Russian president Boris Yeltsin

  21. On december 1991 ( 25th) Gorbatchev resigned from his post as president of the USSR and the USSR definately collapsed.

  22. IV/ After 1991: a new world order A/Assertion of American leadership -USA only power left on the international stage/scene -AUGUST 1990: Saddam Hussein’s army invaded Kuwait: First Gulf war/ Us intervention through the UN: Watchdog of the world- BUSH Senior -1992-2000: CLINTON: carried on American leadership acting on the American continent and in the Middle-east. -2000-2008: BUSH Jr led a more aggressive foreign policy after the attacks of Sept 11th 2001( 2003 Intervention in Irak)

  23. IV/ After 1991: a new world order B/The new role of the UNO -Since the end of the Cold War, the UN has multiplied interventions all over the world: the consensus between members of the security council for diplomatic reasons made UN’s actions easier -UN’s new missions: humanitarian duty of interference BUT contrary principle of national sovereignty in the UN’s charter! -International institutions: UNICEF, UNHCR along with NGO -Limits: 91-95 Yugoslavia, 1994 Rwanda, 2003 UN’s headquarter in Baghdad bombed: 20 people killed: 1st direct attack against UNO!

  24. C/ New threats after 1991 1- The persistent Arab/Israeli conflict ( Israel/ Palestine conflict): 1947 UN made the decision to share Palestine; 1948 Ben Gourion proclaimed the birth of Israel; 1964 Palestine organisation Liberation Yassir Arafat. 2-Resurgence of nationalism: Ex: Yugoslavia: catholic Slovenes, Catholic Croats, Muslim Bosnians and orthodox Serbs. 3- Islamism: when Muslim faith ( Koran) is used to political ends. Islamist believe in the Jihad to take the power and restore the Koranic law ( Sharia) and go against modernism and western models. USA= great Satan. Al Qaida, Bin Laden- Sept 11th 2001- Hijacked planes- GIA Algeria since the Islamic salvation front banned 1991

  25. THE NEW WORLD ORDER

  26. Countries in political transition after 1991

  27. Communist countries

  28. Countries in political transition after 1991

  29. Nationalist troubles

  30. US/ US sphere of influence

  31. Triad = world oligopoly

  32. Asian countries with fast economic development

  33. Emerging economic centres

  34. Centers of islamist fundamentalism

  35. Africa a continent weakened by starvation

  36. Threatenin nuclear power

  37. Axis of Evil

  38. The new world order

  39. 1- After the collapse of the Soviet bloc 2- new dominating centers 3- Assertion of new economic centers 4-Threats

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