The FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE Physiology

1. The FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE Physiology

2. TOPICS • Parts and their function • Physiological Stages • Female Cycles • Menstrual Cycle/ Endometral Cycle • Ovarian Cycle • Copulation • Conception • Birth Controls • Contraceptives • Sterilization • Delivery • Lactation • Diseases

3. Parts and Function Primary Sex Organ • Ovaries • Ova (ovum) female gamete • Female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) Estrogen: - stimulates uterine growth • 2° female characteristic • Regulated by FSH and LH from pituitary Progesterone: - stimulates uterine growth • Regulated by FSH and LH from pituitary Ovaries

4. Cervix– connects uterus and vagina that secretes cervical mucus. • - mucus is clear and runny (conducive for sperm) during ovulation. • - mucus gets thick and pasty (block sperm) at post ovulation. • - cervical mucus form plug to seal off the uterus protecting the developing baby when woman got pregnant . • Vagina – thin walled chamber that serves as copulatory organ. • - (birth canal) has fold that will expand during delivery. Secondary Sex Organs • Fallopian tube (uterine tube or oviduct) – narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and is the site of fertilization. - cilia lining the tube and uterine peristalsis propel the egg towards the uterus. Fimbriea – funnel shaped structure at the terminal end. - catches egg release during ovulation and carry oocyte towards fallopian tube. • Uterus (womb)–site of implantation and fetal development. • Perimetrium - a strong, serous membrane that coats the entire uterine corpus except the lower one fourth and anterior surface where the bladder is attached. • Myometrium - smooth muscle component of the wall. • Endometrium - inner layer or mucosa. Fimbriae Fimbriae Fallopian Tubes Uterus Cervix Vagina

5. Secondary Sex Organs • Vulva – collective term for external genitalia. • Mons Pubis –fatty prominence underlying the pubic hair. • Clitoris – penis counterpart that contains shaft of erectile tissue and covered with pea shaped gland; sexually sensitive organ (contains sexual receptors). • Labia majora (labium majus) – hair-covered fold of the vulva. • Labia minora (labium minus) • small folds beneath the labia Minora. • Vestibule – cleft between labia minora containing the orifice of the vagina and urethra.

6. Physiological Stages • Neonatal period: birth to 4 weeks • Childhood: 4 weeks to 12 years • Puberty: 12 years to 18 years • Sexual maturation: 18 year to 50 year • Perimenopause: decline of ovarian function (40 years) to 1 year postmenopause • Postmenopause *Menopause happens when ovaries lose response to FSH and LH

7. Female Cycles • Menstrual Cycle or Endometral Cycle • Ovarian Cycle

8. Menstrual Cycle or Endometral Cycle Proliferative Phase Secretory Phase Ovaries Uterus ovulation follicles = estrogen Corpus Luteum = LH = progesterone menses All hormones LH surge estrogen progesterone • Menstru means "monthly“ • - a woman’s body prepares for a potential pregnancy, whether or not that is the woman’s intention.

9. Hypothalmus FSH GnRH LH Pituitary Negative feedback ESTROGEN LH surge Ovarian Cycle LH ESTROGEN Positive feedback Pituitary GnRH Hypothalamus

10. Fertilization and Implantation Occur Developing placenta HCG Corpus Luteum maintained until placenta starts to secrete Progesterone and estrogen No Fertilization Progesterone Anterior Pituitary (negative feedback ) LH Corpus Luteum degenerate (Corpus Albicans)

11. ) No Fertilization FSH (Low level of hormones) HYPOTHALAMUS • s GnRH Pituitary Causes mood swing and other premenstrual syndrome(PMS)! And the whole cycle repeats !

12. Illustrative Summary • Ovarian Cycle • Female’s body temperature during the cycles • Hormonal Control of the Cycles • Menstrual Cycle /Endometral Cycle • animation

13. Copulation Four phases of Sexual Response Cycle 1. Excitement Phase – prepare the vagina for coitus. There is vasoconstriction because of the increase blood flow in the arteries and constriction of the veins filling the erectile tissues of the clitoris, some part of ovaries and female labia the nipples also become erect. Myotonia-increase muscle tension causing erection of the nipples; tension in the arm, legs, and other skeletal muscles; and sustained or rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle.

14. 2. Plateau Phase – the outer third of the vagina becomes vasoconstricted, while the inner two thirds becomes slightly expanded, and the uterus becomes elevated; all in preparation for receiving sperm. - there is increase heart rate and breathing due to the stimulation from the autonomic (symphatetic) nervous system and not by physical activity!

15. 3. Orgasm – the rhythmic and involuntary contractions of the reproductive organs. • orgasm in females involves the uterus and outer vagina but not the upper two thirds of the vagina. • females are harder to stimulate and reach orgasm. Note: females do not have refractory period hence they have multiple orgasms and once aroused are often not raedy to quit.

16. 4. Resolution Phase – the return to normal. - vasoconstriction returns normal. - muscle relax.

17. conception Start of new life • Fertilization – union of egg cell and sperm cell in the uterine tube (oviduct). • Implantation – attachment or implantation of the blastocyst on the uterine wall (wall of uterus). • Fetal development

18. Ectopic pregnancy – any pregnancy that occur outside the uterus.

19. Birth Control Method • Contraceptives - artificial • Condom • Diaphragm • Cervical cap • Hormonal implants - natural • Temperature method • Mucus method • Calendar method

20. Birth Control Method • Sterilization • Tubal ligation – removal of fallopian tube • Hysterectomy – removal of the ovary

21. Delivery 1. Dilation of the cervix – last from onset of labor until the cervix reaches its full diameter of about 10cm and is the longest stage (6-12 hr. or longer). 2. Expulsion stage - (20min to 1 hr.) from full dilation to full delivery. - strong contraction about 1 min each occur every 2-3 min. and the mother feels an increasing urge to push until the baby is force down into the vagina and out. 3. Delivery of the placenta – occurs within 15 min. of the delivery of the baby.

22. lactation • Breast is a mass of glandular, fatty, and fibrous tissues positioned over the pectoral muscles of the chest wall and attached into it by fibrous strands which contains milk glands that secrete milk and hence used by mammals in feeding their infants (breastfeeding). • -apocrine gland ANATOMY OF THE BREAST • Lobules or milk ducts – produces milk. • Areola - colored skin surrounding the nipple. • Nipple – where the milk emanates. • Lactiferous Ducts – connect milk gland to the nipple • Subcutaneous fat and Cooper's ligaments - connective tissues

23. Milk Ejection Reflex • The Prolactin Reflex 1. (Long arrow) Nerve impulses from sucking go to brain 2. (Short arrow) The pituitary gland releases prolactin into the blood3. (Breast) This causes the alveolar cells to secrete milk and swells the alveoli • The Milk Ejection Reflex 1. (Long arrow) Nerve impulses from sucking go to the brain2. (Short arow) The pituitary gland releases oxytocin into the bloodstream3. (Breast) This causes muscles around the alveoli in the breast to squeez milk to the nipple Milk production stimulated by: oxytocin and prolactin *colostrum - first to produce - nutrient-rich substance conatining lots of antibodies

24. Some Diseases Cancers: • Ovarian • “silent” detected in late development • Oophorectomy- surgical removal of the ovary • Cervical • Detected by pap smear • Cancer of the fallopian tube • Salpingectomy – surgical removal of the uterine tube • Cancer of the Uterus • Hysterectomy – surgical removall of the uterus Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STD) • Genital warts – caused by Human Papiloma Virus (HPV) • AIDS