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Biology- Study of Life

Biology- Study of Life. Characteristics of life Homeostasis Cellular organization Respond to environment Reproduction etc….. Life cycle/growth metabolism. Scientific Inquiry. Research and facts Problem IV/DV/Control Results Conclusions Hypothesis Theory Law. Microscopy.

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Biology- Study of Life

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  1. Biology- Study of Life • Characteristics of life • Homeostasis • Cellular organization • Respond to environment • Reproduction etc….. • Life cycle/growth • metabolism

  2. Scientific Inquiry • Research and facts • Problem • IV/DV/Control • Results • Conclusions • Hypothesis • Theory • Law

  3. Microscopy • Monocular v binocular • FOV • Calculating total mag. • Basic parts

  4. Atomic Chemistry • Atom • Nucleus • Proton (+) • Neutron (0) • Electron (-) • Ions

  5. pH scale • H+ = hydrogen ion • Acidic –higher H+ ion concentration than OH- ion concentration • OH- = hydroxide ion • Base –higher OH- ion concentration than H+ ion concentration

  6. The Periodic Table of Elements Atomic Number - number of protons 47 Ag Silver 107.868 Symbol Name Atomic Mass - mass of neutron plus protons How many neutrons does silver have in it’s nucleus?

  7. Another look - Bonding

  8. Monomers vs Polymers

  9. Organic Macromolecules • Macro – “Big” • Organic – “Contains Carbon” • Inorganic – carbon absent • Biosynthesis: Made by living things • Building blocks are monomers • Polymers = combos of mono-,di-,poly- mers

  10. Carbohydrates • Sugars, starches • C:H:O ratio is 1:2:1 • single ‘small’ sugar = Monomers • (2) monosaccharides = Disaccharide (dimer) • Many monosaccharides and/or disacchardies= polysaccharide

  11. Lipids Ex: Fats, oils, wax, sterols • Use: • Long term energy storage • Structure: • C, H, O • 1 Glycerol, 3 fatty acid tails • Saturated v unsaturated

  12. Proteins : Amino Acids • C, H, O, N • Structural: • Major components of cells • Functional: • Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions; • Monomer: • Amino acid (20 types)

  13. Enzyme Structure

  14. Nucleotides • Monomers w/3 main parts….. • Called nucleotides • A- adenine (purine) T- thymine (pyrimidine) • C- cytosine (pyrimidine) G- guanine (purine)

  15. ATCGU…..what it all means

  16. Double Helix

  17. Cells • Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes • Cell theory • Endosymbiotic theory • Membranes and permeability • Fluid Mosaic • Diffusion and Osmosis -hypo/hyper/iso-tonic • Eukaryotic Organelles • Plant v. Animal cells

  18. Photosynthesis • Balanced equation (reactants and products) • Chloroplast and internal structures • Wavelength and influential factors • 3 main parts and where take place • enzymes

  19. Light independent reactions Light dependent reactions

  20. Cellular Respiration • Balanced equation • Reactants and products • 3- main parts and where • Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC • Mitochondrion structure • Enzymes • ATP

  21. Mitosis, cancer, meiosis • Stages of cell cycle • Mitosis: stages and occurrences @ ea. • cytokinesis • Cancer: tumor, spread, treatment • Meiosis: stages and occurrences • Mitosis v. Meiosis • Recombination and crossing over • gametes

  22. Mitosis • KNOW CELL CYCLE (M, G1, S, G2 ) • MITOSIS = Cell Division • PART of cell cycle: M, G1, S, G2 (repeat) • Each phase requires energy (ATP) • Each stage controlled by CDK and cyclins • Important note: genetic material divides to create daughter cell • Errors in division/genetic material = BAD • ‘R’ is for restriction……point of no return

  23. Cancer • A general term for about 100+ diseases characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells. • The resulting mass of cells, or tumor, can invade and destroy surrounding normal tissues. • Cancer cells from the tumor can spread through the blood or lymph to spread and start new cancers in other parts of the body • Jobs and functions performed by these cells falter; remember: cells=tissue=organs=systems=organisms • Benign- relatively ‘harmless’ mass usually removed by surgery • Malignant: mass of cells where cell cycle and division are abnormal, spread to other tissues. • Biopsy: tissue sample and test • Metastases: spread to other cells • Surgery- remove erred cells • Radiation (high energy) therapy- destroy erred cells using focused beta energy • Chemotherapy- ingest/inject chemicals to destroyed cells

  24. Meiosis • Meiosis- two consecutive cell divisions • Creation of gametes or sex cells • Each subsequent daughter cell is haploid (n) as opposed to diploid(2n) like in mitosis • Cells enter G0 • MALE: Sperm(A)/pollen(P) • Spermatogenesis occurs in testes • FEMALE: Egg(A)/Ovule(P) • Oogenesis occurs in ovaries • Homologous Chromosomes • Crossing Over (chiasma)

  25. GOOD LUCK! • This is a vast portion of the material • Please view the other posted MS PowerPoints for other info to study • I will be at school before and after school for my regular hours • Email at rmanka@ridgefield.org with any other questions/concerns. • Best of luck with all your exams!

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