Materials. Tools, equipment and apparatus for infusion, punctures, suction

1. Materials. Tools, equipment and apparatus for infusion, punctures, suction

2. Materials science - the science that studies the properties of materials, their origin, structure and possible changes that occur under the influence of various factors.   Materials to treat the following requirements: - They must be nontoxic and biologically compatible with body tissues - Do not commit harmful to human body substances;  be resistant to sterilization and disinfection;  be mechanical stable, retain their shape and volume;  have good technological properties, which is especially necessary when casting, stamping and other forms of treatment;  be corrosion resistant.

3. Material properties: mechanical, physical, chemical and biological.Mechanical properties include: hardness, strength, elasticity, plasticity, strength and fatigue.

4. The technological properties include: malleability, hruzkist, shrinkage, abrasion and others who can determine which technology may be subjected to treatment that or other material.      Physical properties are determined by density, melting point or boiling heat - and the electrical conductivity, thermal expansion, etc..      Chemical properties of materials are determined by interaction with the environment in which they are. for example, during the disinfection or sterilization.      Biological properties of materials are determined by the influence on living tissue and organism as a whole. Therefore, all materials for the production of medical products must have permission of Health of Ukraine.

5. Metals and alloys are divided into two broad groups: black and color. Black - an alloy of iron with carbon (iron, steel). Color - all metals and their alloys, which incorporates not contain iron. Precious metals: gold, silver, platinum, platinum group metals. Cast iron - containing more than 2% carbon and other elements (sulfur, phosphorus, silicon). By appointment cast iron divided into: iron (white), casting (gray), vysokostiyki, forging, alloy.

6. Steel - to contain 2% carbon, compared with cast iron have higher strength, lower ductility and hardness. By chemical composition divided into: carbon and alloyed. Carbon steel containing carbon in an amount not exceeding 1.35%, as the increase of carbon content increases strength, hardness, elasticity of steel, but decreases ductility and elongation. By way of development: Bessemer Martenovskaya, crucible, electric steel. By appointment: structural, instrumental, special, called alloyed steel, which, unlike carbon with one or more specially introduced additives: chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, aluminum, etc.

7. Structural carbon steel (Containing carbon 0,06-0,5%). These are: plastic, easily handled casting, pressure cutting. Suitable for production of complex forms.     Instrumental carbon steel (Containing carbon 0,65-1,35%) At low content of sulfur and phosphorus have significant hardness, wear resistance, strength and plasticity. Products from this steel is brittle and not deformed during operation. Make carbon steel indicated the following numbers and letters, for example, 7, 13, 7 A, 13 A.

8. Applications are:Instrumental carbon steel in 10A, 12A are in the manufacture of cutting tools (scalpels, knives), and 7A-elastic instruments.Instrument alloy - for making cutting, measuring, drilling and other tools to be very solid and endurance (dental burs, cutters).

9. Corrosion-resistant (stainless steel) alloy - resistant to acids, salts, substances that are used for disinfection and sterilization are indicated as follows: 12H13, 20H13, 30 x13, 40H13.Steel grade used for the manufacture 20H13 tweezers, forceps-kusachok and brand 30H13 - clamping, holkotrymachiv.

10. More mechanical and corrosion resistant than steel hromysta is hromonikelevi steel containing carbon, chromium and nickel. Denote them as follows: 08H18N9.Among them are made sterilizers, vidtyskni instruments, dental crown.

11. Non-ferrous metals and their alloys Brass - an alloy of copper with zinc (20-43%). Mean: L 62, L63. L-mean brass and figures - the copper content in percent. Number of zinc is calculated, subtracting from 100 the number of copper, zinc that is under 38%, 37%. Bronze - an alloy of copper with a tin (up to 22%) and other nonferrous metals. Nickel silver (MNTS-15-2O) - an alloy of copper with nickel and zinc. This alloy has high strength and anticorrosive properties, and low thermal conductivity. Dyuralyuminiy - an alloy of aluminum with copper (2,2-5,2%), manganese (O ,3-1, O%), magnesium (O ,2-1, 8%). Aluminium has a high anticorrosive properties, because the air forms a layer of oxide that prevents corrosion. Dyuralyuminiy less resistant to corrosion, but has high strength and hardness, so it is used in the manufacture of stamped parts for medical equipment.

12. Silumin - aluminum alloy with silicon (up to 13%). This alloy l'yetsya well because it is used in the manufacture of parts with complex shapes. Solid alloy VT 5-1 - an alloy of aluminum stanumom. VT-14 alloy - an alloy of aluminum, molybdenum and vanadium. Application: - Copper (grade L 62) - to manufacture sterilizers, probes, catheters. - Copper (grade L 63) - for making skobok imposed on the umbilical cord; frames for mirrors. - Bronze - valve apparatus and instruments; - Nickel silver - for traheotomichnyh tubing, cannula, eye spoons. - Silumin - for parts with complex shapes that have low weight. - Solid alloy VT 5-1 - for the tools to connect bones. - Alloy VT-14 - for the manufacture of clips.

13. Noble and precious metals Silver - Metal brilliantly - white with pace. melting 960 degrees. It teploprovidnyy and the electroconductive metal. Of all the precious metals silver less chemically stable. Used as a component of stainless steel, gold alloys, solder for gold and silver as a base for amalgam. Of silver produced traheotomichni tube clips for the imposition of the blood vessels of the brain, some ophthalmologic instruments. Gold - yellow metal with metallic luster, pace. melting point 1064 deg. Use in fabrication and as electrode. When denture use such samples of gold: Alloy: 916 samples - 91.6% gold, 4.2% silver and 4.2% copper;                 750 - 75% - - 8.3% - - 16.7% - -                 Sample 583 - 58.3 - - 13.7% - - 28% - - With platinum produced some needles (eg, for use in reflexology).

14. . CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL TOOLS     All medical instruments, which are used in medical practice are classified into: piercing; the cutting; zatyskuyuchi; expanding and vidtyskuyuchi; sensing, buzhuyuchi.

15. TOOLS FOR punctures, injection, suction These include:medical injection syringes;syringes for flushing cavities;syringes for injections;         Hypodermic needle tube;         special needle tube;tubular needle puncture - a biopsy;trocar;apparatus and instruments for infusion and suction.

16. The main technical requirements for syringes: The glass of the syringe shall be made of colorless glass and heat resistant. Cylinder syringe should be transparent, have a clear scale and should not be zmyvatysya. Torets syringe should coincide with the zero scale division. The syringe should be tight (between the piston and cylinder, piston and tip, cone and needle). The surface of the needle should not have scratches, cracks. Reusable syringes should be resistant to disinfection and sterilization peredsterylizatsiynoyi processing.

17. Basic requirements for needles: Must be corrosion resistant; external surfaces and their mandreniv should be smooth, no scratches. Needle head should not have sharp edges, cracks. Needle tube should be elastic. Jet needle must be sharp, connecting with the head tube must be strong. Nozzles needles should grasp the cone syringe. Reusable needles should be resistant to disinfection and sterilization peredsterylizatsiynoyi processing.

18. TYPES pen: Type "Record"; LYUERA; combined crockery; flushing cavities (Zhane); continuous.Sterilized syringes saturated steam at pace. 132 deg. for 20 minutes. or 120 degrees. for 45 min. You can also sterilized in a drying oven at temp. 160 degrees - 150 min., 180 deg. - 60 min. and if the temperature is indicated on the syringe 200 degrees., then 45 min.

19. Syringe-type "record"

23. INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS FOR infusion, infusion, Suction Beaver machine - for infusion of large amounts of isotonic or physiological solutions. Consists of graded glass jars of 500 or 1000 ml; rubber stoppers with two holes through which missed two tubes bent at an angle (a long, short second) and rubber air pump. By the end of a long glass tube attach a rubber tube, whose free end nasadzhuyut on the glass filter filled with sterile cotton wool. At the other end of the glass filter nasadzhuyut rubber pump. When air nakachuyut in the bank, recently established high blood pressure, resulting in mud banks through a rubber tube and needle goes into the blood vessel.

24. Suction apparatus and other pleural fluid (Plevroaspirator). It consists of graded jars 500 ml, clamp with rubber stoppers and two holes, which are inserted two bent glass tubes at an angle (a long, another short). Short tube with rubber tubes connected with a metal pump. Long glass tube connected to rubber rolls with a glass tube, which is control. It attached the other rubber rolls, which ends crane - tees with a needle.      By moving the piston pump up air enters the cylinder banks pump in a jar creates a vacuum that promotes the suction fluid from.     With a tap-in tees can enter the oral solutions of medicinal substances. In this case, turn the tap block rubber tube that goes to the banks, and a needle attached to a crane-tees, injected solution.

25. Plevroaspirator

26. Needle injection pipe       Syringe needle to "record" and glass syringes Lyuera intended for the drugs as solutions, emulsions, suspensions in / m, p / w, at / in depending on the type of dosage form.             Needles include:  heads connected to a tube, whose free end cut at an angle of 45 degrees.;  mandrena - wire that is inserted into the feed tube during sterilization and storage, to prevent clogging of pipes and heads.

28. Special purpose needles: needle Bakuleva that has beads, which limits the depth vkolyuvannya. Used for injection into cavity navkolosertsevoyi bags without the threat of injury of the heart. Needle apparatus beaver - for a / m and subcutaneously injections or isotonic saline. It has ovoid head, a long tube and has little sharpening angle. Needle for transfusion of blood has a short tube (1940 mm), sharpening a relatively large angle (20-30 deg.), Large diameter tubes (2 mm) and variable nozzle to head needle. This attachment can easily connect a rubber tube. Bogush needle used for anesthesia and vnutrishnoplevralnyh adhesiotomy hidropreparuvannya pleural conjoined with the pen "Record". Puncture-needle biopsy: needle puncture spynomozkovoyi for Bira. It differs from conventional others' needles yektsiynyh oblate presence of massive head and mandrenu special design, which has its head. Mandren tightly included in the needle channel and his cut from the same cut needle. Thus, a needle and mandren are only sharpened sterzhin that easily pierces the dense tissue are at spynomozkovoho channel.

29. Needle Bjork - heart puncture to determine the pressure in its cavities. Has length 460 mm with nozzle. Needle - vykushuvach - for kidney biopsy. Vkolyuyetsya with mandrenom, then moves forward from the last tube is 20 mm and in the reciprocal retraction of the tube cut away part of the fabric, which is on mandreni Needle puncture biopsy has mandren parenchymatous organs, which consists of two branches, which spread to his nomination from the tube and in the reciprocal pull-up to capture particles of tissue. Biopsy needle for soft tissues which have a diameter 2.0 and 2.2 mm. To collect bone marrow from tubular bones using medical - diagnostic medullar needle. Bone puncture needle by turning around its axis, ie, needle works as trepan.

30. Needle puncture produced spynomozkovoho 2 sizes: 90mm and length 120 mm with different diameters. The end of the needle has a flat cut short. Introduced into the tissue with mandrenom, which is then extracted. Mandren serves as a trocar stylet. Needles for biopsy and therapeutic manipulation of diameter 2.5 mm mandrenom, the end is made as a stiletto, called trocar. Trocar designed to puncture the dense tissue (breast, abdominal wall). They can enter through drainage of pleural or abdominal cavity to the withdrawal of these fluids. Trocar consists of: straight stylet in a round rod with a sharp triangular tip; tubes, which is placed stylet;  handle. Functional properties determined by trocar piercing lubu cardboard or 2 mm thick. Stiletto should easily overcome the resistance of cardboard and leave it at the edges of the tube.

32. Засіб для вливання в малі вени “Голка - метелик”

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