ED 250-Foundations of Education

1. ED 250-Foundations of Education Ashley Swanson

2. Quote: “He who opens a school door closes a prison.” -Victor Hugo

3. Today’s Topics: • Discuss Articles in Groups • America’s History of Education • Types of Schools

4. Article Discussions

5. America’s History of Education

6. The Colonial Period • New England Colonies (Massachusetts, Connecticut, & New Hampshire) • Massachusetts enacted the first formal education laws in British North America • Puritan schools (followed John Calvin’s theology) • Guided by merging economic and religious purposes • Puritan teachers stressed values of punctuality, honesty, obedience to authority, and hard work • Child depravity • Town Schools • Latin Grammar Schools

7. The Colonial Period • Middle Atlantic Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Delaware, & Pennsylvania) • Education was influenced by the ethnic, language, and religious diversity in these colonies • Parochial schools were established by different churches to educate children in specific religious beliefs and practices • All schools taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion • New York: private-venture schools • Pennsylvania: Quaker schools

8. The Colonial Period • Southern Colonies: (Maryland, Virginia, North & South Carolina, & Georgia) • Centrally located schools existed in flourishing, tidewater towns, but rural families had difficulty establishing a centrally located school • Affluent families hired private tutors to educate their children • The Church of England sponsored private schools in larger towns • Children of poor farmers were often uneducated because of limited schooling opportunities

9. The Early National Period • When British rule ended, the new leaders of the republic wanted to create schools that emphasized American cultural identity and democratic political process • The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 was the first federal educational legislation • Reserved a section of each 36 square mile township for education • The 10th Amendment’s “reserved powers clause” gave the states individual responsibility for education • New Approach to American Education: • Prepare people for republican citizenship • Practical and scientific skills to aid in developing the nation’s frontier and abundant natural resources • Construct a uniquely American culture by eliminating European attitudes

10. The Early National Period • Benjamin Franklin: founded an academy (private secondary school) • Shifted emphasis to English grammar, composition, rhetoric, public speaking, foreign language, math, history • Thomas Jefferson: committed to separation of church and state • Promoted state-sponsored public schools and sought to provide equality and excellence in education

11. The Early National Period • Benjamin Rush: Disagreed with separation of church and state • Plan involved a comprehensive system of state schools and colleges combining private and public interests • Noah Webster: promoted a monocultural America by creating a distinctive American version of the English language

12. Movement Towards Public Schooling • Alternatives to public schools: • Sunday Schools: provided basic minimal education (writing, reading arithmetic, and religion) for students who worked in the factories • Monitorial Schools: used older pupils (monitors) who were trained in a specific skill to teach to younger children • Common Schools: • Publicly controlled and funded elementary education • Offered reading, writing, arithmetic, spelling, history, geography, hygiene, and singing • Open to children of all social and economic classes (except slaves)

13. Movement Towards Public Schooling • Horace Mann • One of the most prominent common school leaders • Constructed the general public school philosophy: • Organized a statewide system funded by local and state taxes • Governed by elected school boards that carried out state mandates • Free of church control • Staffed by professionally educated teachers • Common school movement had two complementary consequences • Normal Schools: provided preservice teacher preparation • Elementary school teaching career path was opened to women

14. Development of Secondary Schools • Academies were the first form of secondary education: • Traditional college preparatory curriculum (emphasized Latin and Greek) • English-language curriculum (general program) • Normal curriculum (prepared elementary school teachers) • Military academies (attended strictly by males) • While most academies were private, some were semipublic-partially funded by cities and states

15. Development of Secondary Schools • In the 1870’s, public schools began to replace academies • The high school became the dominant public secondary school in America • School districts were approved to levy taxes to open and support public high schools • In the late 1800s-early 1900s states passed compulsory attendance laws • Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916

16. Development of Secondary Schools • By the 1920’s four curricular patterns were established in high schools: • College preparatory program (English language and literature, foreign languages, math, natural and physical sciences, and history and social studies) • Commercial or business program (bookkeeping, shorthand, and typing) • Industrial, vocational, home economics, and agricultural program • General academic program (for students who planned to complete their formal education upon graduation)

17. Development of Secondary Schools • Junior High Schools • Created in the 1920s and 1930s as a transitional institution between elementary and high school • Oriented towards adolescents’ developmental needs • Either two year (7th & 8th) or three year (7th, 8th, & 9th) instutions • Included some vocational courses • Middle Schools • Created in the 1960s as a transitional institution between elementary and high school • Included grades 6th-8th • Focused on facilitating a gradual transition from elementary school to high school

18. Types of Schools

19. Public Schools • A school supported by public funds that provides free education to children of the community/district • Relies on revenues generated from taxes (property taxes, sales taxes, and incomes taxes) • Open enrollment: district or statewide choice programs that allow families to choose a public school other than the one assigned to them by their residence • Interdistrict-choose schools in other districts • Intradistrict-choose other schools within the district

20. Charter Schools • A public school governed by a community group granted a special contract (charter) by the state or local school board • Established by chartering authorities and funded by public sources • Have more leeway in spending funds and carrying on other operations than do public schools, but they can have their charter revoked if they are not successful • Tend to be smaller and more manageable • 40/50 states allow charter schools • State and federal regulations still apply to charter schools

21. Alternative Schools • A public or private school that provides opportunities different from those in local public schools • Magnet Schools • Parochial Schools • Private Schools • Characteristics: • Greater individualization • More independent study • Openness to the outside community • Smaller class sizes • Strong concern for noncognitive goals of education • Frequently enroll students who have not succeeded in traditional public schools

22. Public Support for Private Schools • School Vouchers: give parents the freedom to choose a private school for their children using all or some funding set aside for their child’s education. • Education Savings Accounts: parents receive a deposit of public funds into government-authorized savings accounts with restricted uses. • Tuition Tax Credits: parents can receive state income tax relief through individual tax credits, which can be used for private school tuition, books, supplies, transportation, computers, and tutors • Taxpayer-funded scholarships: allows taxpayers to receive full or partial tax credit when they donate to nonprofit organizations that provide scholarships for private schools

23. Magnet Schools • A type of alternative school that offers special instructional programs or curricula and attracts voluntary enrollment from more than one neighborhood • Part of reform effort at decreasing segregation and providing students with opportunities to participate in programs not available in their schools • Operate in public school system-open enrollment school • Students must meet admissions criteria to be put in lottery

24. Parochial Schools • Type of alternative school • Typically charges tuition • Affiliated with a religious organization • Curriculum includes religious education along with core subjects • Catholic schools enroll the most private school students

25. Private Schools • Educational institutions run independently of the government • Types of private schools: • College Preparatory Academy • Montessori School • Waldorf School • Boarding School • Military School • Special Needs School • Private schools typically charge tuition

26. Online/Virtual Schools • Allow students to work through the curriculum and with teachers online in place of or in combination with tradition classroom learning • Multi-District Online Schools (Cyber Schools): • Enroll students full-time • Run by school districts or charters • State Virtual Schools: • Not full-time • Offer supplemental programs for students who are enrolled in “brick and mortar schools”

27. Homeschooling • Education outside of a public or private school setting that usually takes place in the student’s home • Homeschooling regulations vary from state-to-state. • Parents are able to create their own curricula in some states • Other states require regular professional evaluation of students, curriculum approval, and standardized tests • Churches often have homeschooling support groups where parents and students can meet and get the social interact aspect that is often missing in homeschooling

28. North Dakota School Choice

29. Discuss the Pros and Cons of School Choice

30. Main Sources Council of Chief State School Officers. (2013). School Choice in the States: A Policy Landscape. Retrieved from: http://www.ccsso.org/Resources/Publications/School_Choice_in_the_States_A_Policy_Landscape.html Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. (2013). The ABCs of School Choice. Retrieved from: http://www.edchoice.org/CMSModules/EdChoice/FileLibrary/965/The-ABCs-of-School-Choice---2013-edition.pdf Ornstein, A.C., Levine, D.U., Gutek, G.L., & Vocke, D.E. (2014). Foundations of Education. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.