What is the difference between Phylogeny, Cladistics , and Taxonomy?

1. What is the difference between Phylogeny, Cladistics, and Taxonomy? • Taxonomy is the biological science that deals with arranging and naming groups and organisms. • Early system based on morphological similarities and differences. Today mostly based on known phylogenetic relationships and similarities in DNA

2. Phylogeny refers to the development of a group, particularly through evolutionary lines.  

3. Cladistics is a study in which groups (species, etc) are arranged on a phylogenetic tree according to the TIME at which they arose from other groups. For example, on a cladistic-type diagram, and earlier-evolving species would form a lower branch on the tree than one that evolved later.

4. Taxonomy Science of Classification

5. Classification • The process of putting similar things into groups. • Taxonomy – The science of classifying organisms

6. History of Classification: • 4000 BC – Aristotle • Creates first written classification scheme • Two Groups: • Animal Group – anything that lived on land, in the water, or in the air • Plant Group – based this on their different stems

7. History of Classification: • 1500’s-1700’s: • Many different systems, most of which were extremely complicated • Names were based on common names (confusion) • Names also based on long scientific definitions

8. What is this animal?

9. Puma, Cougar, Mountain Lion, etc.

10. History of Classification: • 1700’s – Carolus Linnaeus • Establishes system for classifying and naming organisms • Based on the structural similarities of the organisms • Binomial Nomenclature – 2 Name naming system • Created groups called Taxa or Taxon • Each Taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed • Approximately 2.5 million kinds of organisms identified

11. Modern Day Levels of Classifcation

12. Modern Day Levels of Classification

13. Modern Taxonomy: • Evidence used to classify into taxon groups • Embryology • Chromosomes / DNA • Biochemistry • Physiology • Evolution • Behavior

14. Binomial Nomenclature • A system of scientific naming using two names for every organism • Use the genus and the species name • For Example: • Human Scientific Name • Genus species • Homo sapiens

15. Felis concolor

16. Rules for Binomial Nomenclature: • Name is in Greek or Latin • First word is the genus • Second word is the species • Words are italicized or underlined • First word capitalized • Second word lower case

17. 5 Kingdom System • Kingdom Monera • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

18. Kingdom Monera • Prokaryotes (no nuclei) • Heterotrophic (have to ingest food) and Autotrophic (can make own food) • Anaerobic and Aerobic • Aquatic, terrestrial, and in air • Mostly asexual • Mostly non-motile • Examples: Bacteria, eubacteria, archebacteria

19. Kingdom Protista • Eukaryotes (have nuclei) • Heterotropic and autotrophic • Unicellular • Mostly aquatic • Mostly asexual • Motile and non-motile • Examples: protozoa, slime molds, algae

20. Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryotes • Heterotrophic • Mostly terrestrial • Asexual and sexual • Non-motile • Example: Mushrooms, bread molds, yeasts

21. Kingdom Plantae • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Autotrophic • Mostly terrestrial • Asexual and sexual • Non-motile • Example: mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

22. Kingdom Animalia • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • Terrestrial and aquatic • Sexual (a few asexual) • Motile (a few non-motile) • Examples: sponges, jellyfish, fish, mammals, arthropods, reptiles, birds