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European Middle Ages & The Formation of Western Europe

European Middle Ages & The Formation of Western Europe. How did invasions effect Western Europe? . Disruption of Trade Downfall of Cities Population Shifts Decline in Learning Invaders could not read or write Loss of Common Language Latin was still official language No longer understood.

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European Middle Ages & The Formation of Western Europe

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  1. European Middle Ages & The Formation of Western Europe

  2. How did invasions effect Western Europe? • Disruption of Trade • Downfall of Cities • Population Shifts • Decline in Learning • Invaders could not read or write • Loss of Common Language • Latin was still official language • No longer understood

  3. The Emergence of Germanic Tribes • Small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces • Entire concept of government changed • Family ties and personal relationships were more important than loyalty to the state • Roman province of Gaul • Germanic people called Franks • Led by Clovis • Brought Christianity to region

  4. German Adoption of Christianity • Spread by political conquests and Missionaries • Church built monasteries (homes to Monks) • Monks gave up possessions and devoted their lives to serving God • Female version were nuns, they lived in convents • During this time, the Pope, Gregory the Great, extended the pope’s role to the secular realm

  5. Expansion of Gaul • After Roman Empire dissolved, Gaul was one of the largest former Roman provinces • Franks still controlled • Carolingian Dynasty began • 771, Charlemagne began his reign • Built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome • Through his conquests, he spread Christianity • Reunited western Europe • Took power away from nobles and increased power of royalty

  6. Invaders Attack Western Europe • Vikings • Struck very quickly, before locals could mount a defense • Arrived by water • Magyars • Nomadic people from what is now Hungary • Attacked isolated villages and monasteries • Muslims • Attacked from Northern Africa • Wished to conquer and settle Europe

  7. Feudalism • System of governing and landholding • Based on rights and obligations • In exchange for protection, the lord granted land, called a fief, to vassals • King • Wealthy nobles • Knights • Merchants • Landless peasants • Serfs

  8. Manors • Lord’s estate • Rested on relationship between lord and serfs • Lord provided serfs with housing, farmland and protection • Serfs tended the lord’s land and cared for the animals • Serfs were bound to the land, but were not slaves because they could not be bought and sold

  9. Who were the Knights? • Soldiers mounted on horseback • Protected empire • The best knights were given land from their lords they protected • Knights could expect about 40 days of combat a year • Remainder was spent training • Expected to display courage in battle and loyalty to lord • Chivalry: devoted to lord, God, and his chosen lady • Protected the weak and poor

  10. How were Knights trained? • Began at age 7, as a page for another lord • At 14, he reached the rank of squire, a servant to a knight • At 21, the squire could become a knight • Traveled and fought in local wars • Took part in mock battles, called tournaments • Fierce and bloody competitions

  11. Women’s Role in Feudal Society • Wealthy could inherit estates from husbands • Would sometimes be the military leader in the absence of husbands • Mostly confined to homes • Peasant women performed endless labor • Household and Field

  12. The Authority of the Church • Power in the church was based on status • Pope in Rome headed the Church • All clergy fell under his authority • Stable force during period of constant warfare and turmoil • All Christians were subject to canon law, or church law • Could be excommunicated if you didn’t follow

  13. What problems existed within the Church? Village priests married and had families Against Church rulings Bishops sold positions in the Church Kings appointed bishops

  14. The Church is Reformed • Restructured to resemble a kingdom • Pope re-established his authority in Medieval Europe • Collected 1/10 of each family’s yearly income for tithes • Monks, nuns and friars traveled throughout Europe spreading the word of God

  15. Gothic Cathedrals • New churches built across Europe • Built in Gothic style • Thrust upward as if reaching to heaven • Stained glass windows • Meant to inspire worshipper with magnificence of God

  16. Crusades War to gain control over Holy Land

  17. What were the goals of the Crusades? • Wished to reclaim Palestine • Reunite Christians • Control of land • Spread religion

  18. What were the Spanish Crusades? • Reconquista=attempt to drive Muslims from Spain • Inquisition: Court held by the court to suppress the teachings of those who went against the Church

  19. What were the effects of the Crusades? • Chance for women to manage affairs of home • Expanded trade for those that lived in Crusader states • Lessened power of Pope • Fall of Constantinople • Legacy of bitterness between Christians and Muslims

  20. Changes in Medieval Soceity • Growing food supply • Revival of learning • Growth of urban life • Development of the guild • Organization of individuals in the same business or occupation • Worked to improve economic and social conditions • Commercial revolution • Expansion of trade and business

  21. Invasions in England • William the Conqueror • Duke of Normandy (France) • Descendants of the Vikings • Claimed the English throne and invaded the country • Secured his title in the Battle of Hastings

  22. New English Government • Common law • Rulings of English judges that become law • Based on precedent • Magna Carta • Limited the power of the King • Gave power to nobles • Parliament • Legislative group • First composed of knights, bishops and lords

  23. Great Schism • Disagreement in College of Cardinals over who should be the pope • One person chosen and a few months later another • With two popes, a split occurred in the church • Eventually resolved when both were forced to resign and a new pope was chosen • Papal authority was greatly weakened

  24. The Bubonic Plague • Deadly disease • Also known as black death • Spread by rats who carried fleas • Fleas traveled from person to person • Traveled along trade routes • Reached every corner of Europe • 2/3-3/4 of those who caught the disease died • 25 million died

  25. What were the effects of the plague? • Populations fell • Trade declined • Prices rose • Jews were blamed for plague and massacred • Church suffered losses because “prayers were not heard”

  26. The Hundred Years’ War • Between England and France • Fought on and off from 1337 to 1453 • Eventually France won • Effects: • Nationalism increased • French monarch’s power increased • Warfare changed • Longbow introduced

  27. Joan of Arc • French Teenager • Felt moved by God to rescue France • Went to battle in the Hundred Years’ War • Led the siege of Orleans • Political trial • Accused of witchcraft and burned at stake

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