From Republic to Empire 5.2

1. From Republic to Empire5.2

2. Objectives • Understand how the Roman Republic grew through a series of conquests. • Identify events leading to the decline of the Roman republic

3. Rome Grows Through Conquest • Roman growth on the Italian peninsula brings it into contact with Carthage. • Conflict between these two powers is referred to as the Punic Wars. • Punicus = Phoenician

4. The Second Punic War (218-202 BC) • How did it start? • Hannibal attacks over the Alps losing half of his men and 2/3rds of his elephants • Battle of Cannae: Hannibal captured or killed up to 70,000 Roman troops • For 10 years no Roman General would engage him in a large battle • Romans scorched earth. • Publius Cornelius Scipio • 204 BC Scipio lands in Africa after conquering the Punic Empire in Spain

6. The 3rd Punic War 146 BC • Rome decided to eliminate Carthage once and for all (Cato the Elder) "Carthagodelendaest!" • They violated the terms of their treaty by crossing a Roman imposed frontier in 149 BC • After a three year siege they completely wipe out Carthage in 146 BC • By 133 BC Rome controls all of the Mediterranean • Macedonia, Asia Minor, Africa, Spain

7. Outcome? • How does the term imperialism apply to this quote? “The Carthaginians fought for their own preservation and the sovereignty of Africa…the Romans, for supremacy and world domination.” • IDs #1-9 (Def and Sig) 10-14 (def)

8. Consequences of Expansion

9. Consequences of Expansion Negative • Too much new territory would be hard to rule. Why? • Latifundia • Most lower classes forced to sell farms to the rich • Division in wealth leads to social problems • (1% of population owned 20% of all wealth, next 10% of pop. Controlled another 20% of all wealth) • GREED

10. Decline of the Republic • Rome now ruled by greed and dominated by the very rich over the poor masses. • Who will step up to help the poor?

11. The Gracchus Brothers • Plebian brothers who became Tribunes and attempted to reform the late Republic • Attempt to have the riches acquired in Roman conquest shared equally. • Outcome? Why?

12. The First Triumvirate • Pompey, Crassus and Caesar

13. The Rise Julius Caesar • Personal legions now common for rich/powerful • Elected Consul in 59 BCE, conquers Gaulby 50 BCE JC had 13 legions • After the death of Crassus in 53 BCE, Pompey (now sole Consul) began working against JC in Rome • When he crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BCE he began a civil war against Pompey’s army • By 45 BC Caesar is victorious and ruled Rome as dictator for life.

14. The Reforms of Julius Caesar • Absolute Rule • Relocated 80,000 poor, gave poor conquered land • Increased Senate to 900. • Extended citizenship

15. The Death of Julius Caesar • March 15, 44 BC JC was assassinated by the Senate (Cassius and Brutus) • They had no real plan 13 years of civil war that will lead to the end of the Republic

16. The Second Triumvirate • Who? Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus • What? No real plan, split Republic 3 ways. Problems? • Lepidus (Africa) • Antony (East) • Octavian (West) Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra, becomes master of all Rome “Augustus”.

17. Antony and Cleopatra • Antony married Cleopatra in 37 BC who claimed that her son was actually the heir to JC not Octavian • Antony and Cleopatra are defeated at the Battle of Actium • Octavian was now the master of all of Rome “Augustus”

19. Augustus • Octavian takes over and is proclaimed Augustus “the revered one” by Senate. 27 BCE • Stabilizes government • Census • After the death of Augustus, series of Good[Hadrian] and Bad Emperors [Caligula and Nero]

20. Societal Problems

22. Roman Society • Slavery was widespread (up to 30% of population), esp. in urban areas. • Public Programs: • Façade of grandeur masked real problems • “Bread and Circuses”