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Rise of Militarism

Rise of Militarism. Japan in the Inter war period Domestically-Rise of Militarism Definition of militarism. -territorial expansion achieved by armed force -the control of government by a group of militarists who Have unlimited power to control people at home and to expand abroad.

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Rise of Militarism

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  1. Rise of Militarism

  2. Japan in the Inter war period Domestically-Rise of Militarism Definition of militarism

  3. -territorial expansion achieved by armed force -the control of government by a group of militarists who Have unlimited power to control people at home and to expand abroad. -Dark Valley 1932-45 -liberal thinking and personal freedom were effectively curbed. There were unchecked aggression abroad and internal conflicts At home.

  4. Features of Japanese militarism 1. Extreme nationalism -the use of force to solve the problems 2. Emphasis on loyalty and obedience -to the superiors and the emperor -even sacrificed their lives

  5. 3. Anti communism -communism (equality) endangered Japan’s unity. 4. Promotion of foreign expansion -to maintain her military power. -to gain natural resources

  6. 5. Pan Asianism -Japanese the best of all Asians -duty to fight against the west and liberate them from the west. -”Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

  7. Factors for the rise of Militarism

  8. Militaristic tradition • -traditional respect of men of sword. • -strong tradition of unquestioned obedience to authority. • -spirit of Bushido • “Might is Right” • Meiji Constitution gave autonomy to the armed force, • The army and navy had the right of direct access to the • emperor

  9. Victories in the wars • Successful modernizations • Emperor in the highest position • Growth of ultra nationalism

  10. 2. Shortcoming of the democratic government • 1918-32

  11. The first commoner prime minister • Hara Kei in 1918 • -the beginning of democracy/party rule • -universal suffrage in 1925 • -ended when liberal prime minister • Inukai was assassinated in 1932.

  12. Why was democracy so appealing to Japanese? • The victory of democratic allies in the WWI • The declining influence of Genro • Financial support given by Zaibatsu and • Landowners • Political vacuum • 4. Emperor Taisho had brain disease. • 5. Genros who had supported the emperor • Had died

  13. a. disunity within the parties -their origins in protest against Meiji oligarchy hard to Have positive measures in Taisho Period. -bargains made with powerful interests outside the Diet  Tended to be vote winning and fund raising -all decisions made behind the scene -mutual accusation of the parties against each other

  14. b. Corruption in the party government • two parties-Seiyukai and Kenseikai/ Minseito • Link with Zaibatsu –business backing • was unstable out of their self interest • -> people despised the parties for its corruption

  15. c,.Party government did not enjoy mass support -disunities and corruption -failed to cultivate the roots of liberalism and democracy -peasants were discontented with party businessmen  Gave the militarists support

  16. d. Economic failures in 1920s -1927, Bank Crisis led to the collapse of many small enterprises -1929, Depression led to 50% drop in export trade and 3 million Unemployment

  17. e. Weak stand of party government in foreign affairs -weak kneed diplomacy a. reduction in size of the armed force b. Shidehara’s policy of improving relations with China c. Unhappy with the 1930 London Naval Disarmament Conference

  18. 3. To satisfy internal economic needs • Lack of food • Lack of natural resources, e.g. oil, coal • Lack of capital to buy resources • Hampered by US economic • Protectionism Japanese export dropped

  19. 4. Western discrimination against Japan a.Paris Peace Conference -refused to put clause of “Racial Equality” into the Constitution of the League. -condemned the invasion of Shandong

  20. b.Washington Conference -Japan returned Shandong -Her tonnage of capital ships were limited. c.Exclusion Act 1924 -banned Japanese immigration d.London Conference 1930 -limited the ratio of cruisers between Britain Japan and the US

  21. 5. Impact of totalitarianism in Europe/ • Favourable conditions • Great Depression • Totalitarianism in Europe-Italy, Germany • Unity with China after the Northern • Expedition 1928 • Opposition of Zhang Xueliang • Revival of Russian power

  22. Rise of Militarism

  23. Rise of Fascism in Japan • -right wing and the military force increased • In power. • -Such political ideology was called “Imperial • Fascism”- “anti-power”, “anti-capital” • And “rescuing villages”, “remaking” • “reformation”— “Showa Modernization” • After Feb 26th Incident, • “National Principals Faction” finally • Acquired the leadership.

  24. -1936, withdrew from London Conference -1936, anti-Comintern Pact with Germany And Italy -1938, “New East Order in Asia” -1940, “Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

  25. The beginning of wartime political System -Lugouqiao Incident July 7 1937 -Bill of General Mobilization Sharp increase in army spending [90% of National budget in 1944]

  26. -dissolved all political parties and the Imperial Rule Assistance Association was Set up in 1940. -residents were assigned to “neighbouring Groups” while workers to “Association of Contributing to the Country”. -high concentration of power in one person

  27. Impacts of Militarism

  28. Impact of militarism on Japan 1. Birth of extreme nationalists -Kita Ikki: “An Outline Plan for the Reconstruction of Japan” in 1919 -Tanaka Memorial to emperor in 1927 (Manchuria-China-Asia-World)

  29. 2. Emergence of militaristic organization -Black Dragon Society 1901 -Cherry Blossom Society -Blood Brotherhood League (assassinations & military coups) -reservist associations to indoctrinate young boys with ideas (loyalty, obedience)

  30. 3. Mutinies and coups -May 15 incident 1932 February 26 incident of 1936 4. Japanese politics under military dictatorial control -Diet became a rubber stamp 5. Japanese society dominated by the military

  31. 6. Breaking up with western democratic societies -Anti Comintern Pact 1936 -Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis 1939

  32. Impact of Japanese militarism on Asia 1. Long time invasion of China a. Invasion of Manchuria and North China (1931-6) b. Sino Japanese War (1937-45)

  33. Accelerating the Invasion of China • Why China? • Jiang’s northern expedition 1928 • Tanaka Memorial-conquer China first • And use her as a base from which to invade • The world. • 3. Rich resources in Manchuria

  34. -1931, Manchurian Crisis [918 Incident] -1932, Manzhouguo was set up -1932, May 15th Incident-Inukai was Murdered by young rebels.  ended the Party rule and great progress of militarism.

  35. -1932, Takahashi’s progressive financial Policy-expanding armaments and military Production-focused on heavy and military Industry -1933, Japan withdrew from League and Occupied north-eastern part of China.

  36. 2. Initiation of the Pacific War and invasion of SE Asia -isolated China to cut off military back up from Indochina -natural resources, e.g. tin, oil -Attack on Pearl Harbour

  37. Entry into the WWII -1941 Dec 7, attack on Pearl Harbour brought the US into the war. -dropping of atomic bombs on 6, 9 Aug 1945. -Japan surrendered on 15 Aug 1945 END

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