Victims and Victimization

1. Victims and Victimization Heru Susetyo, SH. LL.M. M.Si. Ph.D Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia hsusetyo@ui.ac.id FakultasHukumUniversitas Indonesia - VeritasProbitasJustitia

2. Perkenalan :HeruSusetyo • StafpengajartetapFakultas HukumUniversitas Indonesia, Depok • Tinggal di SrengsengSawah, Jakarta Selatan denganistridanempatanak • ManajerKerjasama, Ventura & Hubungan Alumni FHUI • KetuaBidangPendidikanLanjutan DPN PERADI • Pendidikan : • SH FHUI (1990) • Diploma AdministrasiNiagaPoliteknik UI (1995) • M.SiKes-sos FISIP UI (1999) • LL.M. Int Human Rights Northwestern, Chicago (2002) • Ph.D. Human Rights & Peace Mahidol,Bangkok (2007) • Ext.PhD Student in Victimology, Tilburg Netherlands (ongoing)

3. Kiprah di Bidang Viktimologi • StafpengajartetapFakultasHukumUniversitas Indonesia, Depok. • BelajardanmengajardalamVictimology Course di Tokiwa University, Mito – Japan, padatahun 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013 dan 2014 • Mengajar di Victim Assistance Seminar, Bogota – Colombia, June 2013 • mengajar di Victimology Course di University of Free State @Bloemfontein South Africa pada August 2016 • mengikutidanmenjadi presenter padaWorld Society of Victimology Symposium di Mito-Japan (2009), Den Haag – The Netherlands (2012) dan di Perth, Australia (2015). • Padatahun 2009 sampaidengan 2015 menjadiMember of Executive Committee World Society of Victimologymewakili regional Asia Tenggara dan Indonesia. • MenjadisalahsatupendiriMasyarakatViktimologi Indonesia pada 18 Juli 2011. • Sejaktahun 2012 melakukanriset (sebagaiexternal PhD student) pada Tilburg University, The Netherlands FakultasHukumUniversitas Indonesia - VeritasProbitasJustitia

4. ‘korban’ menurutDeclaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power tahun 1985adalah : • 1. "Victims" means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power.

5. Victims

6. Victims

7. 2. A person may be considered a victim, under this Declaration, regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted and regardless of the familial relationship between the perpetrator and the victim.The term "victim" also includes, where appropriate, the immediate family or dependents of the direct victim and persons who have suffered harm in intervening to assist victims in distress or to prevent victimization.

8. pengertian ‘korban’ menurutdraft UN Convention on Justice and Support for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power yang disusunolehWorld Society of Victimology, adalah : • Article 1 Definitions (1) ‘Victims’ means natural persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering or economic loss or violations of fundamental rights in relation to victimizations identified under ‘scope’. (2) A person is a victim regardless of whether the crime is reported to the police, regardless of whether a perpetrator is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted and regardless of the familial relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. The term ‘victims’ also includes, where appropriate, the immediate family or dependants of the direct victims and persons who have suffered in intervening to assist victims in distress or to prevent victimization.

9. Pengertian yang lain tentang ‘korban’ dari European Union Council Framework Decision of 15 March 2001 on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings (2001/220/JHA) adalah : (a) "victim" shall mean a natural person who has suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering or economic loss, directly caused by acts or omissions that are in violation of the criminal law of a Member State;

10. Batasantentangkorbandalam UU PerlindunganSaksidanKorban No. 13 tahun 2006 jo UU No. 31 tahun 2014 jugamasihterbataspadakorbankejahatan. Korbandisebutkansebagai orang yang mengalamipenderitaanfisik, mental, dan/ataukerugianekonomi yang diakibatkanolehsuatutindakpidana.

11. SiapaKorbantergantungkonstruksimasyarakat • JacoBarkhuizen (2007) menyebutkanbahwaVictims are socially constructed, it is not sufficient that persons claim the status of victims without sufficient social acknowledgement (social construction of reality) (Kirchhoff and Morosawa, 2009).

12. Jessica dan Media

13. Media membentuk Korban • Davies, Francis dan Greer (2007) menyebutkanbahwa : • The role of news media in constructing and (mis)representing victims of crime and victimization. While the media do not necessarily tell us what to think, they can tell us what to think about. They are of fundamental importance to those who would promote a particular view of crime victims and victimization, or seek to challenge or change existing views.

14. The ‘problem of crime’, as many have pointed out, is a socially constructed problem. What we mean by this is that, since most people have little firsthand experience of crime and victimization, we are reliant on other sources of information for much of our knowledge about it. Few of these are more important than the media. • Media representations influence what the issues of crime and victimization ‘mean’ to people. They help to socially construct these issues by presenting particular ‘views of reality’. There is no necessary connection, however, between what is presented in the media and what is happening ‘in the real world’. The issues of crime and victimization, then, are highly mediatized issues

15. Liputan media yang begitu massif terhadapkasus Jessica-Mirna (kasuses kopi Vietnam yang didugaberisisianidapada 6 Januari 2916) di Jakarta Pusatiniadalahsalahsatucontohbagaimanakuatnyacengkeraman media dalammembentukopini di masyarakat. Sehinggapakarmaupunmasyarakat-pun sedikitbanyakterpengaruhdanmenciptakanopinisendiri-sendiritentangperadilan Jessica yang berpotensimelanggarasaspradugatakbersalah (presumption of innocence).

16. Victim Vulnerability & Victims Culpability • KumaraveluChocklingam (2009) menyebutkanbahwastuditentanghubunganantarakorbandanpelakukejahatanadalahsalahsatu focus dariviktimologi di awalberkembangnyailmuini. • Ada duaaspekpenting yang dikajiyaitu : the study of victim vulnerability and the study of victim culpability (studitentangtingkatkerentanandantingkatkealpaankorban)

17. Beberapakelompok yang oleh Hans von Hentig (dalamChockalingam, 2009) disebutkanmemilikitingkatkerentanan (vulnerability) adalah : • The young (kaummuda), The female (perempuan) • The old (kalanganlanjutusia), • The mentally defective and deranged (orang denganketerbelakanganataugangguan mental), • Immigrants (imigran), Minorities (minoritas), • Dull normal (orang malas/ kurangberpendidikan), • The depressed (orang yang mengalamidepresi), • The acquisitive (orang serakah), • The wanton (orang yang nakal/ melawanperaturan), • The lonesome and the heartbroken (penyendiridan orang yang patahhati), • The tormentor (penyiksa), • The blocked, exempted, or fighting (orang yang terisolasi/ tersisihkan).

18. Klafisikasi Mendelsohn 1956 • padatahun 1956 Mendelsohn menyusun 6 (enam) tahapanklasifikasidarikorbanterkaitdengantingkatkebersalahan-nyadalamsuatutindakpidana, yaitusebagaiberikut (Chockalingam, 2009) : • The first category of the typology of Mendelsohn was the “completely innocent victim”. This victim type according to him exhibited no provocative behavior prior to the offender’s attack. • The second type, namely “victims with minor guilt” or “victims due to ignorance” did something inadvertently that placed them in a compromising position before the occurrence of victimization. • His third category was “victim as guilty as the offender” and the “voluntary victim”. Suicide cases and parties injured while engaging in vice crimes and other “victimless offenses” fell under this category.

19. Mendelssohn’s fourth type “victim more guilty than the offender” represents the situation in which the victim instigates or provokes the criminal act. A person who is on the losing end of a punch after making an abusive remark would fit in here. • Similarly, a victim who started as an offender and, ended up as victim is “the most guilty victim”. An example of this category would be the burglar shot by a house owner during an intrusion. • The last category is the “simulating or imaginary victim”. Mendelsohn reserves this niche for persons who pretend that they have been victimized. The person who claims to have been mugged, rather than admitting to gambling his or her pay cheque away would be an example.

20. Marvin E. Wolfgang (Chockalingam, 2009). Iamelahirkankonsepvictim precipitation alias seseorangataukelompokmenjadikorbankejahatankarenaiaataumerekasendiriberkontribusidalamtingkatantertentuuntukterjadinyakejahatantersebut. Wolfgang melakukanpenelitianterhadapkorban-korbanpembunuhan di Philadelphia danmelahirkandefinisisebagaiberikut : • “The term victim-precipitation is applied to those criminal homicides in which the victim is a direct, positive precipitator in the crime. The role of the victim is characterized by his having been the first in the homicide drama to use physical force directed against his subsequent slayer.

21. Viktimisasi • “...Victimization often causes trauma and depending upon the level of trauma that a person has already experienced in their lifetime, crime can be devastating. In general, victimization often impacts people on an emotional, physical, financial, psychological, and social level...” Suatutindakkejahatandapatmelahirkan trauma danpenderitaanbagikorban. Apakahpenderitaansecarafisik, emosi, finansial, psikologismaupunsecarasosial.

22. Viktimisasi (2) • Viktimisasiadalahjauhlebihluasdarisemata-matatindakpidana. Karenaterjadinyakorbanadalahtidaksemuakarenatindakpidana. Bisakarenabencanaalam, bencanalingkungan, bencanateknologi, penyalahgunaankekuasaan (abuse of power), pelanggaran HAM (human rights violation) yang tidakterumuskansebagaitindakpidana, dan lain sebagainya. • Dan viktimologiadalah concern dengankorbandan proses terjadinyakorban. • Apakahsebabnyakarenatindakpidanaatausebab-sebab non tindakpidanabukansuatuhal yang signifikan.

23. Pendapat terakhir tersebut paling tidak diacu oleh Beniamin Mendelsohn, Gerd Kirchhoff dan Hidemichi Morosawa (dalam Susetyo, 2012) yang memperkenalkan General Victimology, karena sarjana lain, sebutlah seperti Ezzat Fattah (dalam Susetyo, 2012) lebih meyakini bahwa viktimologi hanya tertarik dengan korban tindak pidana, alias Penal Victimology, lain tidak.

24. Selain viktimisasi, istilah yang juga harus dipahami adalah viktimisasi kedua atau lanjutan alias ‘secondary victimization’ ataupun juga reviktimisasi, yang bermakna

25. Secondary victimization refers to the victimization which occurs, not as a direct result of the criminal act, but through the response of institutions and individuals to the victim.

26. The following are a few examples of secondary victimization: • The refusal to recognize their experience as criminal victimization; • Intrusive or inappropriate conduct by police or other criminal justice personnel; • The whole process of criminal investigation and trial (decisions about whether or not to prosecute, the trial itself, the sentencing of the offender, and his or her eventual release) • The victim perceives difficulties in balancing their rights with those of the accused or the offender; • Criminal justice processes and procedures do not take the perspective of the victim into account.

27. Media and Victimization By : HeruSusetyo, SH. LL.M. M.Si. Ph.D Faculty of Law Universitas Indonesia hsusetyo@ui.ac.id JCLEC, Semarang, July 2016

28. What is Victimizaton • Victimology is interested in the process of becoming a victim (which social, group, institutional and individual conditions lead to these processes?) > victimization. • Victimology looks at reactions, reactions to victims and reactions to victimization. (Kirchhoff, 2005).

29. Victims of Media

30. Who are Victimizers?

31. M.E.D.I.A • Any tool of technology used for sending and/or receiving messages

32. Conventional to New Media

36. MEDIA-BIASED

37. HISTORY OF INSENSITIVE • The media, whether it is newspaper, radio, or television, has a history of insensitive treatment toward victims. • http://www.victimsofviolence.on.ca/research-library/media-and-victimization/

38. MEDIA INSENSITIVE • Photos of a victim’s blood on the street, images of body bags, and TV cameras at funerals trying to interview grieving parents are all things that happen too often. • http://www.victimsofviolence.on.ca/research-library/media-and-victimization/

39. Post Aceh Tsunami-Earthquake 2004

40. Do we really need to see these images? • Does hearing the gory details of a brutal murder enhance our understanding of the story or its larger issues? • Probably not, yet these are images we are inundated with daily. • http://www.victimsofviolence.on.ca/research-library/media-and-victimization/

41. Media Effects • While some victims report a favorable experience with the media, other victims describe a painful and draining experience. The sensitivity the victim receives will of course depend on the individual(s) the victim has to deal with. • The media can intensify the feelings of violation and the loss of control that many victims feel. • http://www.victimsofviolence.on.ca/research-library/media-and-victimization/

44. Not just common people…

45. Some of the most common complaints from victims concerning media are: • interviews at inappropriate times, such as at funerals, • footage/photographs of crime scenes, • interviewing/photographing child victims, • naming the victim and providing access to them, • discussion of gruesome details, • http://www.victimsofviolence.on.ca/research-library/media-and-victimization/

46. Being interviewed three days after her husband found killed

47. Being interviewed three days after her husband found killed

48. Some of the most common complaints from victims concerning media are: • inappropriate/aggressive questioning, • printing information that would negatively impact the victim’s credibility, • glorifying the violent act or the offender and, • blaming the victim for the crime. • http://www.victimsofviolence.on.ca/research-library/media-and-victimization/

49. GLORIFICATION

50. Commercial : Fashion Competition Resembling Terrorist Wives (Depok, 31/5/20150 Faculty of Law Universitas Indonesia #veritas #probitas#iustitia