NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISM

1. NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISM America: Past and Present Chapter 9

2. Expansion and Migration • American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815 • Land perceived as rich, unsettled • Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians

3. Extending the Boundaries • John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of state from 1816 to 1824 • Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S. boundary to Pacific • Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi River

4. North America, 1819

5. Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian Removal • Indian Removal policy begins after 1815 • Some Indians retain tribal homelands • Some Southern states claim jurisdiction over the Indians in their borders • Former Indian land sold to speculators

6. Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In • By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians • Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit • Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt • Access to markets gained by network of market towns, regional centers

7. The People and Culture of the Frontier • West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil • Settlers bring culture with them • Cooperation, strong community necessary for survival • Land values rise rapidly in a few years • Price rise encourages rootlessness as many sell out and move on

8. A Revolution in Transportation • Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal waterways • After the War of 1812 political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s transportation network

9. Roads and Steamboats • National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia • Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs • Roads useful but unprofitable

10. Roads and Steamboats (2) • Network of rivers encourage economic development • Flatboats transport down river early • Steamboats transport upriver after 1811 • Upriver capabilities reduce costs • Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to establish safety regulations

11. The Canal Boom • Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825 • Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically • Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City

12. Emergence of a Market Economy • Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturers • Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial agriculture

13. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture • Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer • Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit • Market stimulates specialization • Ohio Valley produces wheat • Lower South produces cotton

14. Commerce and Banking • Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing • Farmers borrow on future crops • Use of credit stimulates banking • State banks increase after 1812 • 1816--Second Bank of the United States created to check state banks • Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

15. Early Industrialism • Rise in manufacturing after 1812 • Traditional methods but innovative financing through “putting out” system • “putting-out”--merchants deliver raw materials for farm families, artisans to process • Textile industry leads development of factory system

16. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 • Politics a one-party system after 1812 • Interest groups no longer take differences into the political arena • Federal executive, legislature largely irrelevant to domestic economy • Supreme Court exerts influence on economy by deciding crucial cases

17. The Republicans in Power • Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812 • 1815: establish high tariffs • 1816: charter a national bank • federal aid for internal improvements • Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter • Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts • Efforts provoke sectional conflict

19. Monroe as President • James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820 • Monroe seeks national harmony • Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes president above such matters • Provides no leadership controversy over Missouri

21. The Missouri Compromise: The Issues • 1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state • Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives • House rejects unless slavery abolished • South wishes to preserve balance between slave states and free states

22. The Missouri Compromise: The Solution • Missouri admitted as slave state • Maine admitted as free state • Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36E30' • Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North and South

23. The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821

24. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court • John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835 • Marshall uses position to encourage national growth • Believes Constitution exists to protect the industrious • Protects individual property rights against government interference • Marshall uses court decisions to limit powers of the states

25. Nationalism in Foreign Policy:The Monroe Doctrine • When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports new republics • European ruling classes fear rebellion might prove contagious • France was encouraged to squelch Spain's rebellious colonies • Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against French in Latin America

26. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine (2) • Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence • 1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere • Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs • Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development

27. The Troubled Presidency of John Quincey Adams • James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him • Adams intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional • Nearly loses election of 1824 • A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy • Term of office fails because of fiercely contending sectional interests

28. The End of the “Era of Good Feelings” • There were sharp divisions over how to achieve national greatness • Elite nonpartisan statesmanship would soon give way to a more contentious democratic process