PROTISTS

1. PROTISTS  United by their differences�

2. Traits of Protists Most = single celled Some = multicellular Some make their own food while others eat organisms or decaying matter Some can move and others cannot All protists are EUKARYOTIC � have _?_ Protists are not plants or animals! They do not have tissues like plants and animals

3. I�m Hungry� In what ways do organisms get the food they need to survive?

4. How do protists get food? Autotroph/Producer � makes its own food using chlorophyll/photosynthesis Heterotroph/Consumer � cannot make its own food, gets food from the environment by eating other organisms (bacteria, yeast, etc) or their remains Decomposer � gets energy by breaking down dead organic matter Parasite � Invades another organism to get the nutrients it needs Host � Organism the parasite invades for food/shelter

5. What is an example of one you already know? Autotroph Heterotroph Decomposer Parasite

6. Remember, plants are producers�

7. Protist Producers Algae Use the Sun�s energy to make sugar Have green pigment chlorophyll, but also contain other pigments which give them different colors (red) Live in water Seaweed - Multicellular algae Live in more shallow waters along the shore Phytoplankton - Unicellular algae Free floating near the water�s surface in all oceans Need microscope to see them Provide food for most other organisms in the water Produce much of the world�s oxygen

8. Phytoplankton bloom in the Baltic Sea July 3, 2001

9. Heterotrophs We are heterotrophs! We can�t make our own food�

10. Decomposers Bacteria Fungi Slime Molds

11. Parasites Tapeworm � often found in dogs� intestines Leech � blood sucking parasite

12. Your Notes How do protists get food? Producer Ex: Algae Seaweed Phytoplankton Heterotroph Decomposer Parasite Host

13. How do protists reproduce?Three ways� 1. Asexual Reproduction � offspring come from just one parent so identical to parent Binary Fission: Single celled protist divides into two cells Multiple Fission: Single celled protist divides into many single celled protists identical to the parent

14. What is Malaria? Means �bad air� in Italian Leading cause of illness and death worldwide 300-500 million people become sick each year One child dies every 40 seconds Provides us with an example of a unique life cycle of a protozoan for multiple fission

15. SYMPTOMS First � Flu like 2 weeks after bite � cold/chills temperature rises drenching sweat Person then feels well 24-48 hours later But wait� it all happens again!

16. Treatment Seek medical attention immediately when symptoms appear Treatment depends on the situation Adult, child, or pregnant woman Degree of malaria Mild � oral medications Severe � (organ failure, coma, seizures, bleeding) intravenous (IV) drug treatments

17. Name some of the cycles you have studied in school. What do illustrations of these cycles look like? How are they drawn?

18. With Arrows!

19. Life Cycle of Malaria

20. How do protists reproduce? 2. Sexual Reproduction � offspring a product of two parents Conjugation: two individuals join and exchange genetic material before dividing into 4 protists with new mixtures of genetic material

21. How do protists reproduce? 3. SPORES Form from slime molds when environmental conditions are stressful Small reproductive cells covered by a cell wall� survive w/o food or water When conditions improve, form new slime molds

22. Your Notes How do protists reproduce? Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Multiple Fission Ex: Malaria Sexual Reproduction Conjugation Spores Ex: Slime Mold

23. How do protists move? Cilia - Microscopic hair like projections that beat back and forth (60xsec) in unison to bring move of the organism Flagella - A long, threadlike/whiplike extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms, found alone or in in pairs. Pseudopods - A temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells

25. Protozoans Name given to mobile, heterotrophic protists� Translate please� �Protists that can move around in search of food.�

26. Types of Protozoans? Make a list of the protists you are familiar with� Common answers � ameoba, euglena, paramecium, volvox

27. Your Notes How do protozoans move? Cilia Paramecium Flagella Euglena Pseudopodia Amoeba

28. Amoeba Soft, jellylike protozoan 1. Where do they live? Fresh/salt water, soil and as a parasite in animals 2. How do they move? Pseudopodia or �false feet� allow the amoeba to move around Stretches foot out from cell and then the cytoplasm flows in

29. Amoeba 3. How/what do they eat? Surrounds its food (bacteria or small protists) with pseudopodia and forms a food vacuole where food is digested How do they reproduce? Binary Fission VIDEO CLIP - http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=C956E650-D464-4356-98A7-1B6B077A7331&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

30. Draw the image of the amoeba below

31. Ciliates � Ex: Paramecium 1. Where do they live? Water (lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, and puddles) Some can even live in the bodies of animals or in moist soil. 2. How do they move? Cilia beat back and forth to propel the paramecium forward

32. Paramecium How/what do they eat? - They sweep food (algae, bacteria, other protozoans, dead plants or animal matter) toward oral groove and then its broken down in a vacuole to be digested. 4. How do they reproduce? Binary Fission or Sexual Reproduction

33. Paramecium have� An anal pore to remove waste A contractile vacuole to pump out excess water Two nuclei Macronucleus = functions of the cell Micronucleus = passes genes to another paramecium during sexual reproduction

34. More Ciliates A closeup of Scyphidia physarum attached to the freshwater snail Physa fontinalis Amphileptus carchesii), feeding on the colonial peritrich Carchesium polypinum. Isolated sludge sewage treatment plant, UK.

35. Micronucleus Macronucleus Cell Membrane Cilia Oral Groove Contractile Vacuole

36. Euglena 1. Where do they live? Most live in fresh water 2. How do they move? Wiggle their bodies and use flagella to move in water. Use their eyespot to sense where light is and move towards it.

37. Euglena 3. How/what do they eat? Most are producers (autotrophic), but when there�s not light, they can become heterotrophic and move around in search of food Some don�t have chlorophyll = consumers/decomposers full time So diverse so don�t fit one group How do they reproduce? Binary Fission

38. Draw and label the parts of the euglena below. Flagella Eyespot Nucleus Chloroplast Cell membrane Nucleolus Contractile Vacuole

39. Volvox Where do they live? Ponds,ditches, and even in shallow rain puddles A green alga that grows in round colonies made of hundreds/thousands of Individual cells that live in a group How do they move? All of the cells have two flagella and an eyespot. They use the flagella to propel the hollow sphere through water towards light.

40. VOLVOX How/what do they eat? Producer - contains chloroplasts Green color/photosynthesis How do they reproduce? Asexual Reproduction � some cells in the sphere go through binary fission to create daughter colonies Sexual Reproduction � Male colonies release sperm and the cells of the female colonies become eggs to be fertilized. Consist of hundreds of cells� may have been predecessor of today�s multi-cellular organisms

41. Just a few others�

42. Zooflagellate Flagella � whip-like to move Some are parasties Giardia lamblia in digestive tract Get it from drinking bad water Trichonympha lives symbiotically inside termites & digests cellulose Mutualism: organisms live closely together and benefit from the relationship

43. Diatoms Single celled Salt/fresh water Photosynthesis � large % of phytoplankton Cell walls contain silica � glasslike

44. Dinoflagellates Single celled Mostly found in salt water Two flagella whip for movement Causes them to spin through the water

45. Video Clips United Streaming � �Life in a Drop of Water� � amoeba/paramecium/fission/conjugation �The World of the Protozoa� � volvox/colonies