Genetics 1.1 Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to genetic variation

1. Genetics 1.1Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to genetic variation MAH – Year 11 2011

2. Pre – Assessment Purpose – to gather info about what you may already know about the topic. Quiet Independent work – What does this mean? 15mins Early finishers exercise included

3. Giants: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jJq6y4pdPA&feature=channel

4. When we talk about genetics… • Genetics is the study of heredity. We share similarities with our relatives. But when someone says, you have your fathers eyes, you don’t actually have them right. So what do you have? • What gets passed on is a code in the form of DNA. This code tells your body how to make itself. You get DNA from your mum and dad.

7. Genetics and Variation Genetics Is the study of genes and what they do, how they are passed on from parent to offspring and how they are expressed. Variation Describe how all living things are different. There is variety within the same species and between different species.

8. DNA • DNA stands for Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid • Is found in every cell in the body except red blood cells Where have you heard of DNA before? What do you think it’s role is?

9. Everyone of our cells (except red blood cells) contains DNA. DNA is stored in a structure called the nucleus The order of chemicals that make up DNA determine what the body makes. It is like an alphabet. By re-arranging the letters you get different information. By re arranging the letters of the genetic code, you get different traits.

10. Function of DNA DNA is a chemical that stores information as a code. This code is instructions for how to make life. The end result, or what we can see based on the DNA code is called a phenotype (e.g. Tongue roller, hitchhikers thumb) DNA carries hereditary information from one generation to the next.

11. Lab Groups • Based on seating plan • Temporary measure • Groups of 3 • Write down who is in your group

12. Lab Groups – Year 11 • Sadiq, Henry, Daniel • Owen, Matt, Jayden • Jack, Nick, Dante • Sam S, Liam, James • Kahui, Sam, Steven, • Caleb, Tyler, Danyon, • Calum,, Mustafa, Erekose • To’i, Brad, Logan • Chris, Geoff, Ryan S • Sam, Joshua, Liam P

13. Practical Now we will isolate some DNA from some fruit cells. Collect instruction sheet. Watch teacher model method. What is the role of each ingredient used? What does the DNA look like? Pages XXX workbook

14. Review Relate to Learning objective “Describe the function of DNA” New terminology Genetics, DNA, nucleus, inherit, code, hereditary, phenotype Next step: Describe the STRUCTURE of the DNA molecule

15. Homework • Collect Homework sheet one One technology that involves DNA is cloning. Your homework task relates to cloning of humans.

16. DO NOW • What are the two functions of DNA? • What was the purpose of the detergent and ethanol in yesterday’s experiment?

17. 10/02 Learning objectives • Recall the function of DNA • Describe the structure of DNA • Create a model of DNA Do Now Crossword

18. DO NOW – Set aside a whole page and write ALL of these new terms and leave two lines for a definition • DNA • Gene • Allele • Mutation • Genotype • Phenotype • Gamete • Zygote • Dominant • Homozygous • Heterozygous • Pure Breeding • Punnet square • Pedigree chart • Natural Selection • Meiosis • Adaptive features • Recessive

19. Mermaid syndrome • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAOhSUQomVg

20. Recall What are the 2 functions of DNA? 1) DNA is a chemical that stores information as a code. This code is instructions for how to make life. 2) DNA carries hereditary information from one generation to the next. Who knows?

21. DNA Structure • The DNA molecule is often called a DOUBLE HELIX. Why? Because it is made of 2 (hence the double) strands of DNA and is in the shape of a helix.

22. T A G C A G T A C G T C A T C G T C A T G C A G 1 Strand 1 Strand 2 Strands (Double) Like a twisted ladder (Helix)

24. 3D model – What are the parts?

25. T A G C A G T A C G T C A T C G T C A T G C A G Imagine each strand of DNA is made up of many single units, like a chain. Each single unit is called a NUCLEOTIDE Click me to go to a website about DNA 1 Nucleotide

26. Nucleotide All nucleotides have the same structure. The only thing that changes is the base. There are 4 bases, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine Phosphate Base Sugar

27. Flash DNA

28. DNA and base pairs The rungs of the DNA ladder are made from pairs of bases. There are four types of bases. They have complicated names so it is easier to use their initials instead. denine ytosine uanine hymine These bases always pair together in the same way. How do you think the four bases pair up?

29. DNA and base pairs Base pairs hold the two strands of the DNA helix together. The rules for base pairing are… Aalways pairs withT Calwayspairs withG There are millions of base pairs in a DNA molecule that always follow these rules. Amazingly, it is the sequence of bases along a DNA molecule that forms the genetic code – it’s that simple!

30. DNA structure - Clip • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0

31. DNA structure • Collect and complete cloze and diagram labelling exercise • Paste it into your book • Silent, independent work • 3 minutes

32. DO NOW • What does antiparallel mean in regard to DNA structure? • How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

33. Each strand of DNA is anti-parallel to the other Strand 1 Strand 2

35. Now Students create a model of DNA double helix on whiteboard using laminated nucleotide pieces. Click me to go to DNAi Then choose “Finding the Structure” and “Putting it Together”.

36. Lesson Review – Structure of DNA 1) DNA is described as a double helix. Why? 2) What is the name of the single units that make up DNA? 3) What parts make up these single units? 4) What are the 4 bases? 5) What are the base pair rules? 6) DNA strands are anti-parallel. What does this mean? Muddiest Point – you have 1 minute, write down one thing from today’s lesson you are most unclear about. Hand to your teacher as you leave.

37. Lesson 3 Insert date here Learning Objectives • Recall the structure and function of DNA • Build a model of DNA Do Now: Muddiest Point Questions

38. DNA Structure and Function • What are 2 functions of DNA? • Describe the structure of DNA? Direct and Probe question

39. Now • You are to work in groups of 3 to create a model of DNA from playdough. • Your model should be detailed; • Include at least 10 nucleotides arranged as complimentary base pairs • Show each structure of the nucleotide (phosphate, sugar, base) • Show the anti – parallel direction of each strand You have the period to complete it – manage your time wisely. The last 10 minutes of the period will be spent presenting your model.

40. Lesson Review What did you learn today about the structure of DNA? How did building a model of DNA help your understanding on it’s structure? If you were to do this again, what would you do differently?

41. Insert date here Learning objectives • Explain the relationship between chromosomes, genes and DNA. • Explain why chromosomes exist in pairs Do now: wordfind

42. There is approx. 2 metres of DNA in each cell. How does it all fit in??

43. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA What are they and how are they related? If I were to say to you, what is the relationship between cars and metal, what would you say? If I were to say to you what is the relationship between bricks and a house, what would you say?

44. 23 and me  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNOMRRm8

45. NUCLEUS CHROMOSOME Base Pairs DNA DOUBLE HELIX

46. Chromosomes, are the storage units of DNA. The DNA double helix is coiled tightly to form a chromosome. A gene is a section of DNA that carries the code for ONE trait. Below is a length of DNA from a chromosome A gene is a section of DNA that codes for one trait

47. Chromosomes exist as pairs We have 2 copies of every chromosome. Why do you think this occurs? One set comes from mum, the other set comes from dad

48. Click me to see how you were made

49. Sperm carry one set of chromosomes from the father. Sperm are haploid (half set of chromosomes) l l l

50. The egg has one set of chromosomes from the mother. Eggs are haploid (half set of chromosomes) l l l After fertilisation, the embryo is diploid. It has 2 sets of chromosomes.