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Bony Fishes Comparing and Contrasting

Bony Fishes Comparing and Contrasting. Objectives. Cartilagenous fish vs. Bony fish Explain how body and mouth shape relates to function Compare three types of fish muscles Demonstrate an understanding of key functional aspects of the respiratory system of fishes .

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Bony Fishes Comparing and Contrasting

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  1. Bony FishesComparing and Contrasting

  2. Objectives • Cartilagenous fish vs. Bony fish • Explain how body and mouth shape relates to function • Compare three types of fish muscles • Demonstrate an understanding of key functional aspects of the respiratory system of fishes

  3. Cartilaginous vs. Bony Fish • 23,000 species • That’s 96% of all fishes • 75-100 new species each year • Have cycloid or ctenoid scales • Thin, flexible and overlapping • Covered by thin layer of skin and mucus • Operculum • Gill cover

  4. Cartilaginous vs. Bony Fish • Terminal mouth • Located at anterior end • Teeth attached to jawbone • Swim bladder • Gas filled sac • Adjusts buoyancy • Compensates for the heavy skeleton

  5. Body Shape: streamlined • Body shape is directly related to lifestyle • Here are some examples: • Sharks, tunas, marlins are streamlined  fast

  6. Body Shape: Laterally Compressed • Leisurely swimming around coral reefs, kelp beds, rocky reefs • Still capable of short bursts of speed Whitespotted Damselfish Butterfly Fish Wrass

  7. Body Shape: Laterally Flattened • Flat and adapted to live on bottom • Lie on one side with both eyes on top • Begin life with eye on either side • Eyes migrate together as they grow older Flounder Halibut

  8. Body Shape: Elongated • Live in narrow spaces in rocks or coral reefs Trumpet Fish Fimbrated Moray Eel

  9. Body Shape: Camouflage Stonefish Pipefish (can you find them in the eel grass?)

  10. Stonefish eating a trigger fish

  11. Locomotion • Swim side to side (S-shape) • Contractions produced by myomeres • Bands of muscle running along side of body • Large percent of body weight—70% in salmon! • More on fish muscles

  12. Fish Muscles • 3 types • Red, pink, and white • Most fish have a combo of 2 or 3 types • What makes the red muscles red? • A lot of capillaries  a lot of blood flow • Different types of muscles have different jobs. Tuna

  13. Red vs. Pink vs. White Muscle • Red muscle • Slow muscle • A lot of oxygen (hemoglobin) • steady, constant-effort swimming • Open ocean swimmers (tuna, mako) • White muscle • Fast muscle • Reduced blood  less oxygen • anaerobic, works for short periods of time • Quick bursts of movement • Pink Muscle • Intermediate; continued high speed swimming for 20-30 minutes

  14. The Tuna: A Swimming Machine • Never stop swimming • Cover vast distances • 7,000 miles! • Northern bluefin cross Atlantic in 119 days (40 miles/day) • Endurance swimmers • Capable of high speed bursts • It’s all about the adaptations . . .

  15. Tuna: Streamlined Perfection • Body temperature: can maintain a core temp of 77°F in water temp of 45°F. • Lack scales • Smooth and slippery • Eyes • Lie flush with body; don’t protrude • Fins • Stiff, smooth, narrow • Tuck into body groove when not in use • Keels, finlets and corselet • Direct water flow over body to reduce resistance

  16. Tuna: Streamlined Perfection • Force water over gills by just opening mouth • Have lost muscles to push water over gills • Must swim to breathe—no swim bladder • Opening mouth detracts from streamlining • Developed grooves in tongue to help channel water through mouth and over gill slits • High tails with swept back tips • Adapted for propulsion with least possible effort • Ability to sense and make use of eddies in water • Slide past eddies that would slow them down • gain thrust by “pushing off” eddies

  17. Old School Fishing

  18. Different type of swimming • Surgeon fish • Swim mainly by moving pectoral fins—not bodies • Perfect for hovering and precise movements

  19. Feeding: Shape of Mouth • Protrusible jaws allow flexibility in feeding habits • Mostly carnivores • Very diverse in the ways they feed • Capture prey • sediments; water column; rocks; off other organisms; chase prey; sit and wait A 20 lb Tiger Fish from the Congo, Africa

  20. What does this fish eat? • Barracuda • Uses teeth to tear off chunks of prey

  21. What does this fish eat? • Long billed butterfly fish • Long snout, small mouth feeds on very small prey

  22. What does this fish eat? • Interesting facts about the parrotfish • Grind up coral and extract algae from its polyps.

  23. Circulatory System • 2 chambered heart • Deoxygenated blood enters 1st chamber of heart from body • 2nd chamber pumps this blood into gills • Gas exchange takes place • Oxygenated blood carried to rest of body

  24. Respiratory System • What is the percentage of oxygen in our atmosphere? • 200,000 parts per million, or 21% • What is the percentage of dissolved oxygen in water? • 4-8 parts per million, less than 1% • Takes a lot of work for fish to pull oxygen out of the water

  25. Respiratory System • Must keep gills irrigated • Swimming, opening & closing of mouth • Each gill has rows of filaments with lamellae (increases surface area) • Oxygen diffuses from sea water to blood • Water and blood flow in opposite directions  boosting diffusion rate

  26. Osmoregulation

  27. Make sure you have done your reading! • This is what I have NOT covered in lecture: • Nervous system and sensory organs • Behavior • Reproduction and life history

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