Chapter 11 – Civil War Section 1 – The Opposing Sides

1. Chapter 11 – Civil War Section 1 – The Opposing Sides

2. Advantages/Disadvantages

3. Politics and Government • North: • War Democrats vs. Copperheads (opposed war, supported negotiation) • Conscription (draft) – • opposed by democrats • South: • Weak, new government • High taxes

4. “Modern War” new weaponry: bayonets, cone shaped bullets • Southern strategy: defensive war of • attrition • attrition: wearing down of one side • by exhaustion (physically) or of • resources • Northern strategy: Anaconda Plan – blockade ports, gunboats down Mississippi, to slowly strangle the South and convince them to surrender

5. Assignment: Define: Legal Tender Act, War Democrats, Copperheads, conscription, attrition Answer: p. 356 #5 and #6

6. Section 2 – The Early Stages • First Battle of Bull Run • Confederate forces gathered near Manassas attacked by Union troops • Confederates retreat to a position held by “Stonewall” Jackson • Union soldiers retreat • battle is a victory for the Confederacy

7. Naval War • Union navy blockades Southern ports • Confederates employ blockade runners – small fast boats to smuggle goods past Union ships • New Orleans is captured by boats under command of Daniel Farragut in April 1862

8. War in the West Under command of US Grant, Union troops attempted to seize control of two rivers in TN – the Cumberland and the Tennessee. • Battle of Shiloh – one of the single deadliest of the war: 20,000 men killed in one day • War in the East • Turning point: The Battle of Antietam – • Union General George McClellan chased Confederate General Robt. E. Lee into Maryland • at Antietam, so many casualties caused Lee to retreat into Virginia • this victory caused Lincoln to decide to end slavery in the South

9. The Emancipation Proclamation • declared all enslaved persons in rebelling states FREE after January 1, 1863 • changed the war from one over retaining the union to one to end slavery http://youtu.be/y82uZ7oX2tE Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation 6:39 Questions: *Why was Antietam so significant? *Why was the victory so critical for Lincoln? *Where did Lincoln write the Emancipation Proclamation? *What does Lincoln ask of his Cabinet regarding the Proclamation? *What is significant about the text of the Proclamation? What does it proclaim?

10. Section 3 – Life During the War **There’s a huge contrast in North and south economies. Why?

11. Military Life • food rations sparse (both sides – South especially) • battlefield medicine – rampant infections, gangrene - amputations • women • served as nurses; US Sanitary Commission • Clara Barton – founded the Red Cross Clara Barton

12. Section 4 – The Turning Point • Vicksburg (Mississippi) finally falls • under siege for 40 days by troops commanded by US Grant • The Gettysburg Address • (Nov 1863) • Lincoln dedicates part of the battlefield at Gettysburg as a cemetery Gettysburg Address – Video 13:45 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQnDAh66H98

13. Section 5 – The War Ends • Grant vs. Lee • Union victories in the South • William Tecumseh Sherman marches through Georgia, burning a wide swath all the way to Atlanta and through it to the sea • “March to the sea” How would this demoralize the South?

14. Election of 1864 – Lincoln is reelected and determined to end slavery • 13th Amendment – passes narrowly; replaces Emancipation Proclamation • *Why did the 13th Amendment need to be passed before the • end of the war? • The South surrenders • Confederate General • Robert E. Lee surrenders • to General US Grant at • Appomattox Courthouse • April 9, 1865

15. Lincoln is assassinated • April 14, 1865 – at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth After the war, after the assassination – no one knew exactly how to handle putting the United States back together – so we enter a tumultuous time called – Reconstruction

16. Review Questions How was American society transformed by the Civil War? What was the Union’s Anaconda plan? Why was passing the 13th Amendment before the end of the War critical? How was winning Vicksburg an important strategy for the Union? What do you think the biggest challenge will be for the United States in Reconstruction?

17. Chapter 12 – Reconstruction reconstruction: rebuilding after the war Lincoln’s Plan – moderate/reconcile with the South, not punish amnesty – pardon to all Southerners who swore an oath of loyalty to the Union and slavery decisions made by Congress Lincoln is assassinated before he can fully put his plan into action (April 14, 1865) (carpetbaggers – moved into the south to help or exploit)

18. Andrew Johnson (VP) takes office after Lincoln’s assassination Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan – differed from Lincoln’s • Johnson’s Plan: Southern Confederation officers did not qualify for amnesty and had request official federal pardons individually • To be restored, States had to: • revoke its ordinance of secession • ratify the 13th Amendment • No other conditions applied. • Why might this anger Congressmen (and Republicans)?

19. after Southern states are readmitted they do a couple shady things – • pass black codes which limit free African American rights • elect former Confederate officers/political leaders to Congress • This UPSETS the Republicans in Congress (so much that they propose and push through their OWN Reconstruction Plan!) • Radical Republican Reconstruction: • opposed Johnson’s plan as too lenient • divide the South into 5 military districts which Fed. Union troops supervise • (especially voter registration!) • states must create new constitutions which Congress must approve • states must ratify 14th Amendment (along with Johnson’s requirements)

20. Johnson attempts to stop Radical Republicans, but instead is impeached! Republicans push through 15th Amendment Enormous amount of tension North v. South -(KKK, continuation of black codes, etc.) Development of the New South -develop strong industry - cotton mills - tobacco processing -avoid giant prewar plantations

21. African Americans became sharecroppers and tenant farmers • sharecroppers – didn’t pay rent of farmland in cash, but in a portion of raised crops • tenant farmers – cash rented farmland • Ultimately, Reconstruction is mostly a failure • individual parts succeeded • (Amendments) • was not organized • trapped African Americans in • poverty circumstances • freedom was not exactly ‘free’